夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)中水溶性无机离子特征

于2008年7月1～31日在广州城区每天采集PM2.5和PM1.0样品.利用离子色谱分析了样品中Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、NO3-和SO24-等9种离子组分质量浓度,并同步收集气象因子、大气散射系数、大气能见度以及SO2、NO2、O3气体污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子总浓度分别为(25.5±10.9)μg·m-3和(22.7±10.5)μg·m-3,分别占PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的(47.9±4.3)%和(49.3±4.3)%.SO42-占PM2.5和PM1.0中质量浓度百分比最高,分别为(25.8±4.0)%和(27.5±4.5)%.较高的温度和O3浓度有利于SO24-的生成,较高相对湿度有利于NO3-的生成.PM2.5和PM1.0中亲水性较强的SO42-、NH4+和NO3-对散射系数和能见度影响较大.     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Evaluation of mercury speciation and removal through air pollution control devices of a 190 MW boiler

Air pollution control devices (APCDs) are installed at coal-fired power plants for air pollutant regulation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems have the co-benefits of air pollutant and mercury removal. Configuration and operational conditions of APCDs and mercury speciation a ect mercury removal e ciently at coal-fired utilities. The Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used to determine mercury speciation simultaneously at five sampling locations through SCR-ESP-FGD at a 190 MW unit. Chlorine in coal had been suggested as a factor a ecting the mercury speciation in flue gas; and low-chlorine coal was purported to produce less oxidized mercury (Hg2+) and more elemental mercury (Hg0) at the SCR inlet compared to higher chlorine coal. SCR could oxidize elemental mercury into oxidized mercury when SCR was in service, and oxidation e ciency reached 71.0%. Therefore, oxidized mercury removal e ciency was enhanced through a wet FGD system. In the non-ozone season, about 89.5%–96.8% of oxidized mercury was controlled, but only 54.9%–68.8% of the total mercury was captured through wet FGD. Oxidized mercury removal e ciency was 95.9%–98.0%, and there was a big di erence in the total mercury removal e ciencies from 78.0% to 90.2% in the ozone season. Mercury mass balance was evaluated to validate reliability of OHM testing data, and the ratio of mercury input in the coal to mercury output at the stack was from 0.84 to 1.08.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China

This work investigated the distribution and speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn in the shallow sediments of Jinzhou Bay, Northeast China, which has been heavily contaminated by nonferrous smelting activities. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in sediments were found to be 100, 13 and 7 times, respectively, being higher than the national guideline (GB 18668-2002). Sequential extraction test showed that 39%-61% of Cd were exchangeable fractions, indicating that Cd in the sediments posed a high risk to local...     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

2种有机污染物对鲈鱼生化标志物系统的影响及作用评价

实验生态条件下筛选了鲈鱼的一组生化标志物组成生化标志物系统,研究其对不同有机污染胁迫的响应差异.将鲈鱼分别暴露于2种有机污染物:0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和2μg/L、20μg/L的苯并[a]芘(B[a]P),研究长时间(18 d)、亚致死污染胁迫下鲈鱼生化标志物系统各组分:肝脏组织抗氧化酶中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转酶(GST)以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和脑组织中乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)活性的变化,同期检测了热激蛋白70(Hsp70)表达的变化,并对所得到的结果进行了主成分分析(PCA).结果表明,①与未受胁迫的对照组相比,B[a]P胁迫能够显著诱导鲈鱼体内的SOD、GST、Gpx活性以及GSH含量的变化(p0.05),但对其它几种酶的活性影响并不明显;SDBS胁迫对CAT、Gpx、iNOS和AChE活性的诱导作用明显,但对SOD、GST和GSH的影响较小.Gpx是对2种污染物胁迫响应最灵敏的一种生化标志物.②同时测定了不同胁迫条件下鲈鱼血细胞Hsp70表达的影响,结果发现其在SDBS胁迫组中的表达始终高于对照组,而B[a]P在胁迫前期能诱导Hsp70表达升高,以后逐渐下降至对照水平.③鲈鱼的生化标志物系统的不同组分对不同种类的污染胁迫响应有明显差异,对结果进行主成分分析(PCA)后发现,基于PCA和生化标志物系统的研究方法能有效区分不同污染因子的作用,可能在海洋环境污染的早期、预警性评价中具有良好的应用前景.     

环保部发布《2009年中国环境状况公报》

环境保护部日前发布《2009年中国环境状况公报》。今年是“十一五”最后一年,主要污染物排放总量减少10％的约束性指标能否完成,是社会关注的焦点。     

节能应以市场手段为主

中国“十一五”规划纲要提出,“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值能耗降低20％左右,主要污染物排放总量减少10％。实现“十一五”节能和减排目标,是政府提出的一项硬性任务,行政约束性比较强。     

生态文明评价指标体系研究

<正>当前,对生态文明的研究大多停留在理论层面。其实回顾一下十七大对生态文明的闸述——"要建设生态文明,基本形成节约能源资源和保护生态环境的产业结构、增长方式、消费模式,循环经济形成较大规模,可再生能源比重显著上升,主要污染     

鼠李糖脂及其产生菌对原油生物降解影响研究

考察了外加鼠李糖脂生物表面活性剂和接种鼠李糖脂产生菌O-2-2对混合烃类降解菌降解原油的影响。结果表明,在降解体系中添加鼠李糖脂使原油20天的降解率由35.7%提高到57.6%。加入鼠李糖脂可同时提高烷烃和芳烃的降解率。在降解体系中接入菌株O-2-2能够快速利用石油烃中的烷烃类化合物并合成鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂,从而有效提高总石油烃的降解率。体系中菌株O-2-2的接入虽然使饱和烃的降解率大大提高,却降低了芳烃的降解率;这说明菌株O-2-2和其它烃类降解菌之间可能存在竞争生长关系。