Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from different zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five different land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using the ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated using the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The highest metal concentration level was detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy traffic. While the lowest metal level was noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) ＞ Cu (73.34%) ＞ Mn (67.92%) ＞ Co (41.66%) ＞ Ni (30.36%) ＞ Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, traffic, and industry.     

Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis in removal of pollutant in Taihu Lake, China

Two plant populations of Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis grown in gravel and sediment substrate were studied to assess their capabilities for purifying polluted water in Taihu Lake, China. The substrate displayed most significant effects on the suspended matter (P < 0.01), with the reduction of 76%-87% and 52%-63% for P. australis, and 83%-86% and 45%-62% for T. orientalis in gravel substrate and sediment substrate, respectively. Both species and substrates significantly decreased the N and P conc...     

Early stage toxicity of excess copper to photosystem II of Chlorella pyrenoidosa–OJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis

Acute toxicity of excess Cu on the photosynthetic performance of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was examined by using chlorophyll a fluorescence transients and JIP-test after exposure to elevated Cu concentrations for a short time period. High Cu concentration resulted in a significant suppression in photosynthesis and respiration. The absorption flux (ABS/RC) per PSII reaction center increased with increasing Cu concentration, but the electron transport flux (ET₀/RC) decreased. Excess Cu had an insignificant effect on the trapping flux (TR₀/RC). The decline in the efficiency, with which a trapped exciton can move an electron into the electron transport chain further than Q_A−(Ψ₀), the maximal quantum yield of primary photochemistry (?_P0), and the quantum yield of electron transport (?_E0) were also observed. The amount of active PSII reaction centers per excited cross section (RC/CS) was also in consistency with the change of photosynthesis when cells were exposed to excess Cu concentration. JIP-test parameters had a good linear relationship with photosynthetic O₂ evolution. These results suggested that the decrease of photosynthesis in exposure to excess Cu may be a result of the inactivation of PSII reaction centers and the inhibition of electron transport in the acceptor side.     

广州大学城大气PM2.5量浓度与影响因素

选择广州大学城代表性学生宿舍、教室、食堂等多个室内采样点及几个室外采样点,准确测定各采样点大气中PM25的质量浓度,分析各室内和室外采样点大气中PM25污染程度及分布特征;根据同步记录的气象数据,分析评价气象因子对大气PM25质量浓度的影响.     

三峡蓄水前后长江口水域营养盐浓度变化特征和通量估算

根据2003至2007年对长江口大通站附近水域的调查,比较和讨论了三峡工程蓄水前后该水域溶解态营养盐的浓度变化特征:蓄水后NH4+、NO2-浓度的季节分布发生了较大的变化,表现为浓度峰值均出现在2月份,高出其余3个月份约一个数量级,季节分布差异显著,RSD分别为142%和119%.蓄水后,营养盐浓度除了PO43-外均呈明显下降趋势.估算并研究了长江人河口蓄水前后营养盐通量的季节变化、年际变化,并利用月通量序列以及相应的流量序列,拟合出利用已知的月均流量预测进入河口区的月通量的关系函数.     

以新思路寻求新突破 辽河水质持续改善

从2008年开始,辽河流域水质全面持续好转。2009年一季度,辽河流域干流仅福德店和三合屯断面超标,超标断面数同比减少8个;干流断面化学需氧量浓度同比均有所下降,降幅在8．6％～79．4％之间,其中朱尔山、马虎山、红庙子和盘锦兴安4个断面化学需氧量浓度降幅均在80％以上。4月,辽河流域干流仅兴安一个断面超标,4条干流全河段化学需氧量浓度同比平均下降33．7％。辽河治理成效显著,和污染企业关停、污水处理厂建设、生态治理“三大工程”的实施有直接关系。但不断推进辽河水质快速持续改善的根本,更多的还是依靠对环境管理机制的探索创新。     

全球变暖为何有的地区温度还下降？

某个区域的变冷与全球变暖并不矛盾。温室气体浓度增加对气候的强迫是全球性的,但其他的因素如自然因子、局地反馈及大气和海洋环流的区域变化能够在某些区域增强这种影响,同时在另外的区域减弱这种影响。例如,加拿大的北极区西部和西伯利亚显著增暖,尽管北极东部在过去50年略有增温,     

氧化镁脱硫循环经济实践

笔者所负责天津开发区5号热源厂二期脱硫工程工艺选择时,经过技术经济比较,镁法比钙法年脱硫费用可节省256万元^[3],最终该项目选定氧化镁湿法工艺。其设计脱硫效率高达96.38％。经环保部门检测,在进口烟气SO2浓度2200mg／m^3情况下,该脱硫系统净化后烟气最大SO2折算浓度35.5mg／m^3,平均脱硫效率高达98.6％^[4]。