悬浮泥沙对蓝藻光合及细胞化学计量的影响

选取水华微囊藻Microcystis flos-aquae为实验材料,在含不同浓度的悬浮泥沙中培养,测定其光合特性和胞内营养元素含量.结果显示,除低浓度悬浮泥沙组外,水华微囊藻比生长速率和chla浓度均低于对照组,且随着时间的延长,含泥沙组水华微囊藻的光合活性F_v/F_m显著下降.水华微囊藻的最大放氧速率P_m和光饱和点I_k随着泥沙浓度的增加而减小,而暗呼吸速率R_d和光抑制作用β显著升高.此外,随着泥沙浓度的升高,水华微囊藻单位细胞C和P含量显著降低,而单位细胞N含量略微升高;由于胞内P含量变化较大,导致N/P比和C/P比显著升高,而C/chla比值随泥沙浓度的增加呈下降的趋势.由此可见,悬浮泥沙虽然因光衰减效应减少了水华微囊藻胞内C含量以及能量供给,但微囊藻通过调节自身生理机能和代谢策略,优先补给C和提高N的合成,节约P合成的能量,通过调节胞内C：N：P储存的优化分配,以适应含悬浮泥沙的外界环境维持生长.     

珠海淇澳与广州南沙湿地3种植物稳定碳氮同位素组成比较

研究了珠海淇澳和广州南沙3种湿地植物互花米草、芦苇和短叶茳芏的碳、氮含量及其稳定同位素的组成,结果表明外来入侵的C₄植物互花米草在植物体的C含量、C/N值、底泥的δ13C值（-23.83‰）和δ15N值（6.56‰）均显著与本地植物芦苇和短叶茳芏的不同,外来入侵种互花米草对土壤微生物的影响依赖于其密集的根系,使其入侵的潮间带土壤微生物种类、酶活性显著升高,体现出互花米草对湿地系统中C、N循环的深刻影响,为此有必要控制该外来入侵植物的蔓延生长。所测定的芦苇和短叶茳芏的δ13C值,表明采样地的芦苇属于C₃植物,而短叶茳芏则为C₄植物。本研究为进一步探讨这3种湿地植物-土壤系统中的C、N循环提供了基础资料。     

黑臭水净化菌株的筛选及其水质改善能力

生活污水的过度排放引起的水体黑臭是一个亟待解决的环境问题.为建立黑臭水的微生物净化方法,从不同重污染水体或底泥中筛选获得了多种光合细菌,分析发现其中10种光合细菌(P1～P10)及其混合菌(Pm)对黑臭指标有改善效果.黑臭水厌氧光照净化试验结果表明,菌液投加量为1.0%,3 d后光合细菌P1,P2,P3,P4,P8,P9和Pm对人工黑臭水COD_Cr,NH₃-N,S2-,色阈值及臭阈值去除率分别为75.00%～ 82.00%,24.20%～27.97%,72.03%～87.89%,58.90%～69.08%和75.29%～87.89%,其中P9的效果最好.黑臭水兼性厌氧光照净化试验结果表明,菌液投加量为1.0%,3 d后光合细菌P2,P3,P4,P8,P9和Pm对人工黑臭水中的COD_Cr,NH₃-N,S2-,色阈值及臭阈值去除率分别为60.67%～79.92%,35.92%～40.16%,72.03%～82.93%,58.25%～66.55%和75.29%～85.09%,　ρ(DO)由0.54 mg/L增至1.80～2.63 mg/L,其中P2和P9的效果最好.经鉴定P9为沼泽红假单胞菌.研究发现,在菌液投加量为0.1%,30 ℃,厌氧光照条件下P9可明显改善水的黑臭指标.      

芦苇与香蒲对水中总磷总氮净化能力研究

通过开展芦苇与香蒲两种大型水生植物对水体的净化效果的动态研究,可以发现这两种植物均可以有效地去除水体中的TN与TP,去除率均在70％以上,其中芦苇的总体效果最好,对TN和TP的去除率分别为86.53％和78.17％;香蒲的去除率分别为72.05％和89.98％.经过试验期的净化作用,使原本处于劣V类水的水体质量提高到Ⅲ类水以上.证明这两种植物可以作为小型景观水体的净水植物.     

水生植物重建工程对小柘皋河富营养化水质的净化效果

利用筛选出来的芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin)、茭草〔Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf〕、香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl.)、菱角(Trapa natans Linn.)、莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus Linn.)6个工具物种,在小柘皋河道内进行水生植物群落重建恢复试验工程,并对该河道工程区内的水质进行1 a检测. 结果表明:恢复后小柘皋河植被面积占整个河道的65%～75%,河道水生植物年生产量约1.42×106 kg(以湿质量计),相当于1.98×1012 J(能量);河道内的水生植物都具有一定的抗水力冲击负荷能力,能适应河道污水水质和水量均不稳定的动态变化特征,并对污水中COD_Cr,TN,NO₃--N,TP和NH₄+-N等均有去除作用,去除率平均值分别为23.61%,25.00%,26.37%,32.93%和33.55%.      

Evaluation of the e ectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for di erent media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite, nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater. The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2 day), 0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2 day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2 day)) and removal e ciencies (65%–93%, 57%–85% and 78% for COD, NH4-N and TSS, respectively), higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel. The applied loads of COD, ammonia, nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coe cients for Filtralite. Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater, nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2 day). There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

主次波长分光光度法测定水中氨氮

在碱性介质中,氨与Nessler试剂反应生成黄色化合物.用依据悬浮颗粒对光吸收原理建立显色反应的主次双波长光度测定氨氮(NH_3-N)新方法.方法检出限0.02mg/L,精密度RSD<2％,加标回收率93％-105％,且计算曲线稳定,适合于天然水、废水等环境水质监测.     

阿什河流域10种水生植物对水质氮磷的净化能力比较

阿什河是松花江重要的一级支流,水环境污染问题最为突出.针对阿什河流域氮磷污染严重、水质恶化、生物多样性低等问题,选取千屈菜（Lythrum salicaria）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、泽泻（Alisma plantago-aquatica）、慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）、菰（Zizania latifolia）、显脉苔草（Carex kirganica）、水葱（Scirpus validus）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）10种阿什河流域常见植物作为研究对象,在室内静水条件下对其氮磷富集和水质净化的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:①不同植物净增生物量之间具有显著差异（P < 0.05）,生物量的变化范围为492.71~939.19 g/m2,其中净增生物量最高的泽泻是最低的慈姑的1.91倍.②不同植物的植株茎叶部和根部的氮、磷含量也具有一定的差异,茎叶部TN含量（以质量分数计）为3.46~19.55 mg/g,TP含量为1.34~4.77 mg/g;根部TN含量为3.88~13.59 mg/g,TP含量为1.16~7.59 mg/g;TN、TP在茎叶部的富集能力均大于根部,有效刈割是彻底去除污染物的有效手段.③在水体中TN、TP浓度（以质量浓度计）为2.08~3.03、0.56~0.77 mg/L时,不同植物对水质的净化能力也存在一定的差异,不同植物对TN、TP的去除率为64.96%~86.03%、64.64%~85.12%.④不同植物TN、TP富集贡献率范围分别为50.24%~80.71%、54.85%~93.44%.研究显示,植物净增生物量湿质量、干质量均与TP富集率相关性较高,可以作为植物筛选的一个重要的参考因素;水葱、芦苇、菰和千屈菜可作为阿什河流域生态修复的备选植物.      

Evaluation of the effectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for different media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)),ammonia (NH4-N),nitrite,nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater.The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2·day),0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2·day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2·day)) and removal effciencies (65%–93%,57%–85% and 78% for COD,NH4-N and TSS,respectively),higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel.The applied loads of COD,ammonia,nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coefficients for Filtralite.Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater,nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2·day).There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

湖滨带不同植物群落对水体氮磷净化效果的研究

为了研究湖滨带不同植物群落对水体氮磷的净化效果,选取芦苇（Phragmites australis）、荇菜（Nymphoides peltatum）、苦草（Vallisneria natans）、黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）、马来眼子菜（Potamogeton wrightii Morong）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）和狐尾藻（Myriophyllum verticillatum）7种常见植物作为研究对象,构建自然式（NSC）、逆序式（RSC）和芦苇（PAC）3种不同植物群落以及空白对照（CK）,通过野外模拟试验进行水质净化研究,观测不同植物群落对水体总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、总磷（total phosphorus,TP）和氨氮（ammonia,NH₄+-N）的净化效果.结果表明:①湖滨带植物群落对水体氮磷的净化能力存在明显的周期性,净化能力与其自身的生长周期及温度密切相关.②RSC去除水体TN速率较快的时间是6—7月和11—12月,NSC是6—7月、8—9月和11—12月,PAC是8—9月和11—12月;NSC、RSC和PAC去除水体NH₄+-N和TP速率较快的时间基本一致,均是6—7月.③植物群落能有效提升湖滨带对水体氮磷的净化效果,至试验结束,3种植物群落处理对水体TN、NH₄+-N和TP的去除率分别为53.37%~61.13%、71.36%~77.67%、70.45%~74.60%,去除贡献率分别为7.47%~15.23%、12.42%~18.73%、4.90%~9.05%;不同植物群落处理去除氮磷能力依次为RSC>NSC>PAC.④RSC对水体TN、NH₄+-N、TP的去除率显著高于（P < 0.05）空白对照（CK）.研究显示,多种植物群落（RSC、NSC）较单一植物（PAC）具有更强的净化能力,相同植物不同的排序方式（RSC、NSC）对水体氮磷的净化效果存在差异,因此在实际水体修复过程中可以考虑对不同类型植物搭配组合以及调整排序方式以提升对污染水体的修复效果.      

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Phragmites australis cultivated in synthesized substrates

Accumulation of heavy metals from various oxides with adsorbed cadmium by wetland plant Phragmites australis was studied to evaluate the fate of heavy metals in the sediment of constructed wetlands. Hoagland solution was used as nutrition supply, and single metal oxide with adsorbed cadmium was applied as contaminant to study the accumulation characteristics of cadmium and the substrate metals by P. australis. After 45-d treatment, the bioaccumulation degree in root followed the order: Al(OH)3 > Al2O3 > Fe3O4 > MnO2 > FeOOH. Heavy metals absorbed by P. australis were largely immobilized by the roots with little translocation to aboveground parts.     

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.     

不同植物人工湿地净化效果及基质微生物状况差异分析

为研究不同植物对人工湿地污染物净化效果和基质微生物状况的影响,采用序批式运行的沙培模拟人工湿地,探讨了菖蒲、香蒲、千屈菜、芦苇和白鹤芋5种湿地植物在不同HRT(水力停留时间,分别为1,3和5 d)下对模拟废水中TP,NH₄+-N和COD_Cr去除效果的影响,比较了不同植物类型模拟人工湿地中基质微生物的数量差异. 结果表明,不同植物系统对污染物的去除随HRT延长逐渐提高,HRT为5 d时各植物系统对污染物的去除效果最佳.TP,NH₄+-N和COD_Cr的最高去除率分别达90.4%,61.7%和96.4%.相对于其他试验系统,菖蒲系统对各污染指标均具有最优的去除效果. 植物种类对基质微生物数量的影响无显著差异.研究还发现,各系统中亚硝酸细菌数量与NH₄+-N去除率之间呈显著相关.      

Spatial variations of macrozoobenthos and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng: Emphasis on effect of pen culture of Chinese mitten crab

We determined the effect of Chinese mitten crab (CMC) pen culture on the quantified spatial distribution of the macrozoobenthic community and sediment nutrients in Lake Yangcheng. Redundancy analysis indicated that water temperature, macrophyte occurrence, sediment type, and crab culture were the main environmental factors that influence the spatiotemporal macrozoobenthic distribution. Macrozoobenthic assemblages in the lake were characterized by eutrophic indicator species. In the most polluted estuaries, the abundance and diversity indices of the whole community and abundance of chironomids and oligochaetes were significantly depressed, and sediment carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were significantly enhanced compared with those in the western, middle (MB), and eastern basin (EB). Crab culture in this lake had significant effects on the species composition of the macrozoobenthic community in one of three CMC culture pens (CP), and generally depressed the abundance of most chironomid and oligochaete species. Significantly increased diversity, evenness, sediment carbon and nitrogen content, and sediment C:P ratio in the CP were found compared with those in the three basins. However, no conspicuous difference in sediment P content between the CP and the two basins of MB and EB was detected. Our results showed that the enhanced diversity and evenness of macrozoobenthos might be associated with the joint effect of macrophyte planting and crab predation, and macrophyte planting may modify the effects of CMC culture by leading to disproportional accumulation of C and N in the sediment relative to P in the CP of the lake.     

低溶解氧状态下河网区不同类型沉积物的氮释放规律

采集浙江温州温瑞塘河河网中4个受不同人类行为干扰的沉积物样品,分别代表受河道上游来水、制革厂排水、建筑垃圾和生活污水排放的影响,研究了低溶解氧(DO)状态下不同类型沉积物各形态氮(N)的释放规律.结果表明,低DO状态下,不同上覆水条件能明显影响沉积物-水系统中N迁移转化.上覆水污染越重越不利于沉积物中N释放,水质改善后易促进沉积物中N的释放.屿田河高营养盐水平的上覆水中的N仍能在扩散作用下进入沉积物,并导致已严重污染的沉积物中总氮(TN)和硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)含量增加,控制河流外源N持续输入利于沉积物污染负荷的降低.低DO状态下各类沉积物中氨氮(NH4+-N)均会释放进入上覆水,而NO3--N则迁至沉积物中,并在反硝化作用下脱离系统.NH4+-N的释放量取决于其在沉积物中的含量.低DO状态下NO3--N释放的风险小于NH4+-N.     

不同挺水植物在生活污水中生长量及去污能力比较研究

以千屈菜、香根草、芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉、水葱、风车草7种常见挺水植物为对象,研究了在生活污水中进行培养的植物生长量和氮磷积累量差异以及改善水质指标的能力差异。结果表明:芦苇和美人蕉的生长量显著高于其他植物,美人蕉的氮磷积累量最高,美人蕉和芦苇对污水的综合处理效果最好。     

闸坝调度对污染河流水环境影响综合实验研究

为了研究闸坝各种调度方式下河流污染物的时空变化规律,探索了闸坝调度对污染河流水环境的作用机理,在槐店闸前期研究和实验的基础上,设计了不同闸坝调度方式对污染河流水环境影响的综合实验方案,并开展了现场实验,研究了槐店闸浅孔闸在现状调度、闸门不同开度和闸门全部关闭3种调度方式下的水体、悬浮物及底泥污染物变化规律.结果表明:闸坝调度会对河流水质产生一定的影响,其影响过程呈现出复杂的非线性关系;闸坝调度也会对水体、悬浮物和底泥中的污染物产生不同程度的影响,并促使污染物在不同介质中进行转化;流量和水深等因素会对底泥和悬浮物中污染物的释放产生影响.研究工作为构建闸坝作用下河流水环境模型、研究闸坝作用规律、实施闸坝科学调度奠定了实验基础.     

处理含油地表水体的潜流湿地填料筛选及其性能评价

采用包括填料表面微观特征、元素构成、吸附性能、微生物附着生长性、经济性等因素的填料性能评价方法,对处理含油地表水的潜流湿地填料进行评价与筛选.静态吸附试验表明,各种填料对磷的吸附能力为炉渣＞陶粒＞沸石＞砾石＞砖块＞卵石,对石油类的吸附能力为炉渣＞陶粒＞砖块＞沸石＞砾石＞卵石;动态吸附试验表明,各种填料床对石油类的去除效果为炉渣床＞砾石床＞湖泊底泥床;放置在污染水体中的填料表面微生物总数和烃降解菌数量为砖块＞沸石＞砾石,陶粒和炉渣＞卵石.根据上述评价结果,选择总体性能较好的砾石、炉渣、砖块和沸石作为潜流湿地现场试验系统的填料.     

城市地区重建湿地的生态过程研究

研究了湿地重建过程中植物、土壤和水质的动态变化特征.湿地重建2 a后植物种类增加了11种,芦苇、菖蒲和香蒲3种植物的高度、生物量在第2个生长季明显高于第1个生长季节,植物生物量分别增加到原来的13、1.5和1.4倍.湿地种植区土壤有机质总体上是降低的,土壤全氮含量从1?500　mg/kg降低到850　mg/kg（p＜0.01）,土壤全磷在试验期间略有增加.对重建湿地12种水质指标分析表明,夏季湿地出口源水溶解氧高于进口源水,出口源水总氮、叶绿素a、藻类计数3种水质指标均低于进口源水,说明重建湿地水质在夏季出口源水优于进口源水,水质得到改善.研究表明,湿地植物群落重建成功,生物多样性增加,重建湿地在改善和保持源水水质方面发挥了一定的作用.     

盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响

通过2007年8月~2008年5月对长江口崇明东滩中部潮间带4个不同植被带沉积物间隙水营养盐进行季节观测来研究盐沼植物对沉积物间隙水营养盐分布的影响.结果表明,大型植物生长带间隙水的NH4+-N、PO43--P浓度低于光滩,尤其是夏、秋两季NH4+-N的浓度比光滩低1个数量级以上.在植物生长季节,间隙水各种营养盐含量要明显高于冬季,且植物生物量与间隙水氮、磷有明显的相关关系.氮盐受植物的影响最明显,NH4+-N在互花米草与芦苇带分别是44.21、74.38μmol.L-1,明显低于光滩与海三棱草带(分别是340.14、291.87μmol.L-1);NOx--N的浓度比NH4+-N低1~2个数量级,但以芦苇带最高(5.94μmol.L-1).沉积物-水界面分子扩散通量结果表明,潮滩沉积物是上覆水中SiO32--Si、NH4+-N、PO43--P的源,NOx--N(NO3--N、NO2--N的总和)的汇,其中NOx--N从上覆水向沉积物的扩散通量[16.23μmol.(m2.h)-1]大于NH4+-N从沉积物向上覆水的扩散通量[15.53μmol.(m2.h)-1].植物的生长还通过影响沉积物-水界面的物质交换与间隙水中营养盐比值及其与上覆水间营养盐比值,对毗邻富营养化河口生态系统营养盐结构起到调节作用.