Evaluation of the e ectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for di erent media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite, nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater. The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2 day), 0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2 day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2 day)) and removal e ciencies (65%–93%, 57%–85% and 78% for COD, NH4-N and TSS, respectively), higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel. The applied loads of COD, ammonia, nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coe cients for Filtralite. Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater, nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2 day). There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

钢渣构造人工湿地运行初期无机氮转化特点研究

以钢渣为主要基质构建小型潜流湿地,探索湿地运行初期对污水中低浓度无机氮的去除效果及氮转化特点.结果表明,钢渣湿地对氨氮型污水中总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH⁺₄-Ｎ)和硝氮(ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ)的去除速率分别是0.12、 0.07和0.10 　g·(m²·d)^-1,亚硝氮(ＮＯ^-2-Ｎ)积累速率是0.04 　g·(m²·d)^-1;荧光原位杂交方法没有在钢渣基质上检测到硝化细菌,NH⁺₄-Ｎ去除的主要途径是在高pH (>10)的水环境下挥发到上层土壤,由土壤层去除;钢渣湿地对硝氮型污水中TN的去除速率是0.23 　g·(m²·d)^-1,ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ的去除速率是0.48 　g·(m²·d)^-1,ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ在钢渣湿地内主要通过反硝化去除,反硝化过程中出现ＮＯ^-2-Ｎ积累,积累速率为0.22 　g·(m²·d)^-1.钢渣湿地运行初期对硝氮型污水的处理能力高于氨氮型污水,钢渣可作为一种强化反硝化基质应用于ＮＯ^-₃-Ｎ的去除或其他组合工艺中.     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

BAF去除氨氮关键影响因素研究

为探讨曝气生物滤池去除氨氮的关键因素,选取沈阳仙女河污水处理厂(40万t/d)现场进行实地研究。通过测定不同条件下(pH、进水COD浓度、溶解氧、温度、水力负荷)的氨氮去除率,并进行主成分分析结果显示,影响BAF工艺脱氮的关键因素是温度、溶解氧和水力负荷。当温度在14~30℃之间时,氨氮的去除率一直维持较高,当温度低于14℃时,氨氮的去除率较低;随着溶解氧浓度的增大,氨氮的去除率也随之升高,当溶解氧增加到5.6 mg/L时,氨氮的去除率达到80%~90%,接近饱和状态;在水力负荷为3.08~4.15 m3/(m.2h)之间时,氨氮的去除率上升,超过该值,则氨氮去除率下降。     

内循环移动床生物膜反应器的研究与应用

对传统移动床生物膜反应器进行改进,开发了内循环移动床生物膜反应器,通过处理模拟生活污水的研究,考察了反应器去除有机物和脱氮的能力。结果表明,在填料投加率为35%、进水COD为200～800mg/L、HRT为6h、有机负荷为0.8～3.2kg/(m.3d)的条件下,系统COD的去除率在89%以上;同时反应器具有良好的同步硝化反硝化脱氮能力,在DO为2.0mg/L、C/N为25、HRT为6h的条件下,NH4-N和TN的平均去除率分别可以达到98%和93%。另外,内循环移动床生物膜反应器与移动床生物膜反应器的对比实验结果表明,前者对COD和氮的去除效果都优于后者。     

一种多介质层波形潜流人工湿地处理重污染河水试验

我国河流污染严重,城市黑臭水体的比率日益增加。人工湿地作为一种高效低耗能的绿色处理技术,已被广泛应用于污染河水的治理。通过对比分析分层装填复合填料的多介质层波形潜流人工湿地和单一砾石填料的普通人工湿地处理重污染河水的效果,研究了特种基质填料强化脱氮除磷作用以及不同水力负荷条件的影响。试验结果表明:在水力负荷为0.2 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到55.95%、77.85%、39.80%和54.94%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到58.52%、75.99%、67.08%和57.31%。在水力负荷为0.5 m~3/(m~2·d)时,普通湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到68.46%、90.73%、42.13%和53.70%;多介质层湿地对COD、NH3-N、TN和TP的去除率分别达到69.61%、89.94%、77.58%和68.63%,其脱氮效果明显好于普通湿地。以复合填料包分层装填的波形潜流人工湿地系统具有良好的脱氮除磷效果,有很好的推广应用价值。     

EGSB-MBR组合工艺处理糖蜜发酵废水效能研究

实验采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器与好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对糖蜜发酵废水进行处理.重点考察了组合工艺对发酵废水的处理效能,包括甲烷的产生效率、污染物(COD、NH4+-N和TN)的去除效能.实验结果表明:控温条件下[(35±1)℃]、进水COD约为2250mg/L、pH在为6.0左右时,EGSB对发酵废水的COD去除率可达75.6%,甲烷的容积产气速率为0.48m3/(m3·d).MBR在溶解氧(DO)为1~2mg/L左右时,采用曝气-搅拌交替运行方式处理EGSB出水,可以实现同步硝化反硝化,并且在曝气3h-搅拌1h交替运行条件下,NH4+-N、TN去除率分别为85.13%、58.57%,而最终COD去除率达到85%.     

微氧+人工湿地组合工艺处理生活污水的试验研究

通过微氧+人工湿地组合工艺对生活污水处理效果的研究,认为该工艺是比较适合农村生活污水处理应用的工艺组合。微氧预处理对COD的平均去除率在30%以上,人工湿地水力负荷为0.2 m3/(m2.d),对COD的平均去除率在60%以上,对NH3-N的平均去除率在30%～40%,该工艺组合的运行费用为0.15～0.20元/t(污水自流进入系统情况下)。     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能研究

采用上流式生物膜反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了印制电路板行业蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮可行性.结果表明,蚀刻液废水作为NH4+-N源时,其所携带的物质对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性具有毒性作用.当蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度150mg/L进入反应器14d后,厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从3.2kg/(m3·d)下降到1.2kg/(m3·d).但是通过驯化培养可以很好地缓解蚀刻液对厌氧氨氧化污泥的毒性影响.经过110d的驯化,蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度300mg/L进入反应器后并未出现明显的抑制现象.厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从1.6kg/(m3·d)上升到6.0kg/(m3·d).说明通过驯化培养后,厌氧氨氧化工艺能够很好的运用到PCB行业高NH4+-N废水的处理.     

MBBR处理制药废水的试验研究

采用二级移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理呋喃铵盐制药废水。在填充比为40%,总水力停留时间为32h时,COD的去除率为88.6%,TN的去除率为25.7%,第二级反应器对NH3-N的去除率为56.2%。     

有机负荷对SBAR中好氧颗粒污泥特性影响的研究

研究不同有机负荷条件下,气升式间歇反应器(SBAR)中培养好氧颗粒污泥,并观察其形态变化及处理模拟生活污水的效果。实验结果表明,在SBAR中,有机负荷为3kgCOD/(m3.d)和6 kgCOD/(m3.d)下均可以培养出成熟的好氧颗粒污泥,SVI值分别为25mL/g和32mL/g,沉降速度分别达到33.85m/h和33m/h。但较高的有机负荷条件下,培养出的污泥颗粒的粒径大多数在0.6mm～1.5mm,且COD、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别可达97.57%、87.74%和86.60%;较低有机负荷条件下形成的污泥颗粒粒径多数在0.4mm～1.0mm之间,COD、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别为96.93%、85.48%和84.20%。     

Enhanced anaerobic biodegradability of real coal gasification wastewater with methanol addition

Coal gasification effluent is a typical refractory industrial wastewater with a very poor anaerobic biodegradability due to its toxicity.Methanol was introduced to improve anaerobic biodegradability of real coal gasification wastewater,and the effect of methanol addition on the performance was investigated in a mesophilic upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor with a hydraulic retention time of 24 hr.Experimental results indicated that anaerobic treatment of coal gasification wastewater was feasible with the addition of methanol.The corresponding maximum COD and phenol removal rates were 71% and 75%,respectively,with methanol concentration of 500 mg COD/L for a total organic loading rate of 3.5 kg COD/(m3 ·day) and a phenol loading rate of 0.6 kg/(m3 ·day).The phenol removal rate was not improved with a higher methanol concentration of 1000 mg COD/L.Substrate utilization rate (SUR) tests indicated that the SURs of phenol were 106,132,and 83 mg phenol/(g VSS·day) at methanol concentrations of 250,500,and 1000 mg COD/L,respectively,and only 45 mg phenol/(g VSS·day) in the control reactor.The presence of methanol could reduce the toxicity of coal gasification wastewater and increase the biodegradation of phenolic compounds.     

A／O膜生物反应器处理生活污水试验研究

采用试验规模的缺氧-好氧一体式膜生物反应器（A／OMBR）对生活污水处理回用进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果优良,系统对COD、NH3-N的平均去除率分别为94．7％、99．08％,膜分离截留对COD的去除起到了决定性作用,生物对NH3-N的去除占主要作用,膜本身对NH3-N的去除直接作用不大。出水COD、NH3—N的浓度分别为16．02mg／L和0．35mg／L,出水水质优于城市杂用水水质标准（GB／T18920-2002）和河道景观环境用水水质标准（GB／T18921--2002）。该系统运行稳定,具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。工艺的污泥排放量趋于零,膜可以在线反冲洗,用化学方法清洗可以得到很好的恢复。     

碳氧调控下人工湿地净化效果的协同与拮抗研究

从人工湿地脱氮效果的重要限制因子——溶解氧和碳源着手,构建了一种人工湿地碳氧联合调控脱氮系统,研究了曝气、碳源投加、碳氧联合调控下人工湿地的净化效果.结果表明,曝气促进了TSS、COD、TN、NH4+-N、TP的去除,但夏季时会导致NO3--N的积累;碳源投加提高了TN、NO3--N的去除,但冬季时会导致COD去除率的下降.碳氧联合调控下人工湿地对TN、NO3--N的去除表现出协同作用,对NH4+-N、COD的去除表现出独立作用,而对TP、TSS的去除表现出一定的拮抗作用.另外,对于以氨氮为主的“低碳高氮”污水,人工湿地碳氧联合调控系统脱氮效率达87.3%,可见该强化系统适用于“低碳高氮”污水的处理.     

COD负荷对MBSBBR脱氮除磷性能的影响研究

以模拟废水为处理对象,采用一套特定的MBSBBR系统,研究了COD负荷率对COD和NH4+-N去除率的影响,验证并分析了系统的SND现象。实验结果表明:COD负荷率为2.88～4.96kg/(m3·d)时,NH4+-N的去除率在70%左右,TP去除率在85%左右。系统对有机物具有良好的去除能力,可以承受较高的有机负荷率。系统中存在SND现象,反硝化菌大量存在,反硝化过程的碳源主要来自生物膜。系统的污泥产率较低,随着COD负荷率的增大而略有提高。     

两段错向流曝气生物滤池处理生活污水

采用半柔性填料和酶促好氧填料的两段错向流曝气生物滤池(TUDBAF)处理生活污水,考察了试验启动阶段水力停留时间对SS、COD和NH3-N的去除效果的影响,并分析了反冲洗对BAF U段生物膜活性的影响。结果表明:在水力停留时间6.5~13.0 h条件下,SS和COD的去除率随水力停留时间的增加而增大,且其去除率分别达91.6%和83.6%以上;反应器对氨氮的去除主要集中在BAF U段,该段对氨氮的去除占总去除率的70%以上;BAFU段采用气水联合反冲洗过程中可以出水TSS浓度(708mg/L)作为该段反冲洗的终点。     

藻-菌颗粒污泥工艺在自然光昼夜交替条件下处理含复杂有机物生活污水的效能及机理研究

藻-菌颗粒污泥（MBGS）工艺是一种节能环保的新型污水处理工艺,当前关于该工艺的研究主要集中于连续光照、间歇式反应器及含简单有机物的模拟污水,对其在昼夜交替条件处理含复杂有机物污水的研究鲜有报道,从而极大地限制了MBGS工艺的进一步工程应用.该文采用连续流的管式光生物反应器（直径2.3 cm、管长50 cm、容积200 mL）,探究了在自然光昼夜交替条件下MBGS工艺处理含复杂有机物（蛋白胨、酵母提取物、淀粉和尿素）的模拟市政污水的效能及机制.结果表明:①在白天平均进水ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）和ρ（PO₄3--P）分别为219.4、20.0、41.4和3.0 mg/L,晚上平均进水ρ（COD）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TN）和ρ（PO₄3--P）分别为237.0、21.2、43.7和3.0 mg/L的条件下,白天COD和PO₄3--P的平均去除率分别为77.1%和87.2%,其相应的夜晚平均去除率分别为88.0%和42.7%;TN在昼夜间的平均去除率均低于30%.②进一步分析表明,MBGS可在昼夜交替条件下调节系统DO浓度,从而实现MBGS系统的自我维持和COD的高效去除,COD在白天和晚上的平均去除速率分别约为0.34和0.42 kg/（m3·d）.③Miseq测序结果表明,拟杆菌纲（Bacteroidia）、热带单胞菌属（Tropicimonas）和四膜虫属（Tetrahymena）丰度增高,可促进复杂有机物的降解.研究显示,MBGS工艺可以在自然光昼夜交替条件下实现有机物的高效去除,适用于碳氮比约为5的生活污水的处理.      

折流生物膜工艺处理低浓度废水试验

折流生物膜工艺是一种利用折流挡板与传统生物膜工艺相结合的新型污水处理技术。研究结果表明:在水力负荷为0.24m3/(m2·h)、气水比为3:1条件下,反应器对COD、氨氮、SS和浊度的去除率分别为83.6%、82.3%、95.3%和98.2%,出水COD、氨氮、SS和浊度分别为18.6,1.07,2.2mg/L和0.5NTU,出水各项污染物指标均优于GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级标准。     

餐厨垃圾水解酸化液作碳源的脱氮效果研究

针对餐厨垃圾水解酸化液作外加碳源的反硝化脱氮效果进行研究,考察了人工配水条件下水解酸化液反硝化处理的适宜COD/NO3--N比范围,在适宜COD/NO3--N比条件下与甲醇、乙酸钠的反硝化效果进行对比,并验证了水解酸化液对于生活污水的反硝化效果.结果表明,人工配水条件下利用水解酸化液作碳源的适宜COD/NO3--N比为4.9~6.0,反硝化速率最高可达25.0mg NO3--N/(gVSS·h).反应过程存在2个不同的硝态氮去除速率阶段,并出现了亚硝氮积累.餐厨垃圾水解酸化液为含多种VFA成分的混合物,其反应过程中硝态氮的去除速率比甲醇、乙酸钠等纯物质做碳源时的硝态氮去除速率快.将餐厨垃圾水解酸化液用于生活污水脱氮处理,当COD/NO3--N比为6时,水中的硝态氮以及亚硝氮均能够得到较为彻底的去除.