BAF去除氨氮关键影响因素研究

为探讨曝气生物滤池去除氨氮的关键因素,选取沈阳仙女河污水处理厂(40万t/d)现场进行实地研究。通过测定不同条件下(pH、进水COD浓度、溶解氧、温度、水力负荷)的氨氮去除率,并进行主成分分析结果显示,影响BAF工艺脱氮的关键因素是温度、溶解氧和水力负荷。当温度在14~30℃之间时,氨氮的去除率一直维持较高,当温度低于14℃时,氨氮的去除率较低;随着溶解氧浓度的增大,氨氮的去除率也随之升高,当溶解氧增加到5.6 mg/L时,氨氮的去除率达到80%~90%,接近饱和状态;在水力负荷为3.08~4.15 m3/(m.2h)之间时,氨氮的去除率上升,超过该值,则氨氮去除率下降。     

蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能研究

采用上流式生物膜反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了印制电路板行业蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮可行性.结果表明,蚀刻液废水作为NH4+-N源时,其所携带的物质对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性具有毒性作用.当蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度150mg/L进入反应器14d后,厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从3.2kg/(m3·d)下降到1.2kg/(m3·d).但是通过驯化培养可以很好地缓解蚀刻液对厌氧氨氧化污泥的毒性影响.经过110d的驯化,蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度300mg/L进入反应器后并未出现明显的抑制现象.厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从1.6kg/(m3·d)上升到6.0kg/(m3·d).说明通过驯化培养后,厌氧氨氧化工艺能够很好的运用到PCB行业高NH4+-N废水的处理.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的运行特性

以人工合成模拟废水对好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器(MBR)的运行特性和膜污染进行了研究.结果表明:在HRT为6h,溶氧浓度为4～6mg.L^-1,COD的容积负荷为7.24kg·(m³·d)^-1的条件下,COD的去除率可达96%以上.当NH₃-N的容积负荷为0.17kg·(m³·d)^-1时,NH₃-N的去除率可达60%.COD/N比的变化,对好氧颗粒污泥MBR的COD及NH₃-N去除率基本没有影响.稳定运行过程时,MBR中好氧颗粒污泥浓度(MLSS)基本维持在14～16mg·L^-1.较高的污泥浓度和颗粒污泥内部缺氧和厌氧环境的存在,使MBR中硝化和反硝化过程能同时存在.同时,比较了2种不同形态的活性污泥(颗粒污泥和絮状污泥)在MBR运行过程中膜通量的变化趋势,结果表明,颗粒污泥MBR膜通量的下降速度明显比絮状污泥MBR的下降速度慢很多,且通过空气反冲或用水清洗即可使通量基本恢复.     

pH和DO对好氧颗粒污泥去除高氨氮废水的影响研究

研究使用SBR成功培养的结构紧密、外形规则,具有良好脱氮性能的成熟好氧颗粒污泥处理高浓度氨氮废水,并探讨pH和DO对其处理效果的影响,旨在为工程实践提供理论依据。通过人工模拟废水,以蔗糖作为唯一碳源,NH4Cl为氮源,将进水NH4+-N浓度由300 mg/L逐步提高至900 mg/L,相应的NH4+-N负荷由0.6 kg/(m3.d)提高至1.8 kg/(m3.d),考察pH和DO对其处理效果的影响。研究结果表明:当控制反应器pH为8.0,曝气量为75 L/h时,好氧颗粒污泥脱氮的效果最好,氨氮去处率分别为96.70%9、2.33%。由于运行过程中每隔15 min监测每个反应器pH值,使其维持在各自pH值7.0±0.1范围内。这种酸碱度环境对异养菌等微生物并没有产生抑制作用;因此在各pH条件下,COD去除的所需时间和去除率基本没有差别。在不同的DO下,COD在初始的60 min里降解速度有明显区别。曝气量为150 L/h时,COD的降解速度最快,但是曝气量过大颗粒污泥内部厌氧区被压缩,因此选择最佳的曝气量为75 L/h。     

气升循环分体式膜生物反应器再生回用厕所污水的研究

研究了分体浸没式膜生物反应器及其应用于厕所污水的再生回用.试验结果表明,在人水浓度COD440～970mg/L、BOD₅ 307～612mg/L、NH₃-N59～111mg/L的情况下,出水水质稳定,平均COD＜47mg/L、BOD₅＜8.5mg/L、NH₃-N＜20mg/L,处理水质达到建设部颁布的生活杂用水回用标准.研究了动力学参数污泥负荷、容积负荷和HRT对出水COD的影响,确定本试验较佳的污泥负荷和容积负荷分别为0.1kg/(kg·d)和1kg/(m³·d),HRT为7～8h.本文对污泥浓度、温度和产水时间与间歇时间比对膜通量的影响进行了测定与探讨.     

UASB-MBR组合工艺处理模拟黄连素废水

采用升流式厌氧污泥床-膜生物反应器(UASB-MBR)组合工艺处理模拟黄连素废水,模拟废水中有机污染物由葡萄糖和黄连素配制,以葡萄糖作为初级能源物质,通过微生物协同降解作用去除废水中的黄连素.在水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,进水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(黄连素)分别为1 717～4 393,91.8～158.7和64.4～276.8 mg/L,废水中黄连素的ρ(COD_Cr)贡献率为7.5%～25.0%的条件下,组合工艺可实现ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(黄连素)的去除率分别为92.5%～95.9%,67.0%～98.9%和99%以上,废水中黄连素主要通过UASB去除,去除率为95.2%～98.9%.在进水COD_Cr负荷为0.54～1.88 kg/(m3·d),黄连素负荷为0.71～12.42 g/(m3·d)的条件下,MBR可保证出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(黄连素)和ρ(NH₄+-N)分别低于50,1.0和2.0 mg/L;随着MBR进水ρ(黄连素)升至3.45～12.42 mg/L,在黄连素的微生物毒性胁迫作用下,MBR中污泥呈由分散态向聚集态的转变.      

Removal of ammonium-N from ammonium-rich sewage using an immobilized Bacillus subtilis AYC bioreactor system

A self-design bioreactor system employing a fixed bed operation process with immobilized Bacillus subtilis AYC beads for NH4 +-N removal from slightly polluted water was proposed. Polyvinyl alcohol and Na-alginate were used as a gel matrix to entrap Bacillus subtilis AYC to form the immobilized beads. The NH4 +-N removal process was studied in a intermittent operation mode to examine the start-up and steady state behaviors of the immobilized AYC in the reactor. The results indicated that the reactor was in the start-up state during the first week. NH4 +-N began to be steadily removal since the second week, and the nitrogen removal rate was between 84.61% and 96.19% when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 30 min. To apply Bacillus subtilis AYC to develop a practical nitrogen removal system and further understand its nitrogen removal ability, the bioreactor was continuously operated under different experimental perameters. The results showed that under the optimum conditions of an HRT of 20 min and DO of 3.77–5.80 mg/L, the NH4 +-N removal rate reached 99.55%. The NH4 +-N removal rate increased as the C/N ratio increased. However, a high C/N may cause a high residual carbon level in the effluent, therefore, the most suitable C/N ratio was 10. In addition, the results showed that the bioreactor system could remove many types of nitrogen such as NH4 +-N, NO3??-N and organic-N, and had a good performance for inorganic nitrogen removal from sewage.     

内循环SBR反应器无厌氧段实现同步脱氮除磷

研究了内循环SBR反应器在模拟城市生活污水处理中脱氮除磷的效果.结果表明,在曝气时间为4h,曝气开始时DO浓度为6mg·L-1,pH值7～8时,反应器对COD、NH4 -N、TP均有较好的去除效果,进水中COD浓度、NH4 -N浓度、TP浓度分别由170～260mg·L-1、20～30mg·L-1、8～20mg·L-1降到出水的4～48mg·L-1、0～2.0mg·L-1和0～1.4mg·L-1,COD、TIN(NH4 -N NO3--N N02--N)的去除率分别为89.7%±6.5%、70%左右,NH4 -N的转化率为97.4%±3.6%、TP的去除率为95.6%±4.4%.在本研究的实验过程中反应器进水后未经过传统除磷理论认为所必须的厌氧段而直接曝气,TP的去除效果仍然良好且运行稳定,这和传统的理论与研究有所区别.     

苯酚对厌氧氨氧化工艺耦合反硝化的启动及脱氮性能的影响

研究了ANAMMOX耦合异养反硝化反应器的启动过程,考察了苯酚浓度对耦合反应器脱氮性能的影响.接种2L(占反应器有效容积的20%)挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)为6000mg/L的ANAMMOX颗粒污泥,在pH7.8、温度为25℃、HRT为1.5h的条件下经过86d的培养,ANAMMOX耦合异养反硝化启动成功.实验结果表明,在稳定运行阶段,NH4+-N、NO2--N和TN平均去除率分别为85.4%、86.1%和79.9%,TN平均容积负荷和TN平均去除负荷分别为2.63,2.10kg/(m3·d);ANAMMOX颗粒污泥外面包裹着苯酚反硝化菌;系统内异养反硝化与ANAMMOX存在协同和竞争关系.当苯酚浓度≥0.3mmol/L时,ANAMMOX菌的活性受到很大抑制,苯酚浓度的升高加剧了苯酚反硝化菌与ANAMMOX菌之间的竞争;从脱氮效果及系统稳定两方面综合考虑,当苯酚浓度为0.2mmol/L时,耦合效果最好,消耗的NH4+-N、NO2--N与生成的NO3--N之比为1:1.52:0.11.     

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

EGSB-MBR组合工艺处理糖蜜发酵废水效能研究

实验采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器与好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺对糖蜜发酵废水进行处理.重点考察了组合工艺对发酵废水的处理效能,包括甲烷的产生效率、污染物(COD、NH4+-N和TN)的去除效能.实验结果表明:控温条件下[(35±1)℃]、进水COD约为2250mg/L、pH在为6.0左右时,EGSB对发酵废水的COD去除率可达75.6%,甲烷的容积产气速率为0.48m3/(m3·d).MBR在溶解氧(DO)为1~2mg/L左右时,采用曝气-搅拌交替运行方式处理EGSB出水,可以实现同步硝化反硝化,并且在曝气3h-搅拌1h交替运行条件下,NH4+-N、TN去除率分别为85.13%、58.57%,而最终COD去除率达到85%.     

生活污水常温处理系统中AOB与NOB竞争优势的调控

常温（19℃±1℃）条件下,采用SBR工艺处理低碳氮比（C/N）实际生活污水,研究氨氧化菌（AOB）与亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）竞争优势的调控,在接种全程硝化污泥的系统中使AOB成为优势菌群,启动并维持常温短程硝化.通过控制曝气量为40 L/h使系统溶解氧处于较低水平（DO_average<1.0 mg/L）,同时结合好氧硝化时间的优化控制,即在pH值“氨谷"点前及时停止曝气的短周期定时控制,强化AOB的竞争优势.待AOB的竞争优势初步形成后（亚硝酸盐积累率NO^-2-Ｎ/NO^-_x-N达到50％）,每周期曝气时间随着NO^-2-Ｎ/NO^-_x-N的提高由3 h逐步延长至4 h、 5 h,从而提高NH⁺₄-N去除率,进一步增强AOB在系统中的竞争优势,短程硝化成功启动,NO^-2-Ｎ/NO^-_x-N稳定在95%以上.FISH检测结果表明AOB大约占总菌群的9.97％.在线控制好氧硝化时间可以很好地维持短程硝化效果,NH⁺₄-N去除率达到97%以上.研究还表明,对于全程硝化污泥常温下如果不限制溶解氧,单纯依靠短周期定时控制无法使AOB成为优势硝化菌群.     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

混凝-MBR组合技术净化洗车废水试验研究

研究混凝-MBR组合技术净化洗车废水,首先对该技术净化CODcr、UV254、NH3 -N和浊度的效果进行了考察,实验结果表明,当废水温度大于22℃时、溶解氧浓度大于4.8 mg/L时、pH值在6到8之间的条件下,该组合技术对CODcr、NH3 -N和浊度的净化效果较好,平均净化率分别达到90.2%、96.4%和98%以上,高于传统MBR技术和常规技术,出水CODcr约为20 mg/L,NH3 -N基本在0.7 mg/L以下,浊度也小于0.5NTU,水质优于中国建设部生活杂用水水质标准( CJ25.1-89).     

组合式膜生物反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水

利用一体化膜生物反应器进行了高浓度氨氮废水硝化特性研究 .研究结果表明 ,当原水氨氮浓度为2 0 0 0mg/L、进水氨氮的容积负荷为 2 .0kg /(m3·d)时 ,氨氮的去除率可达 99%以上 ,系统比较稳定 .反应器内活性污泥的比硝化速率在半年的时间内基本稳定在 0 .3 6/d左右     

动态膜-生物反应器对城市污水的处理

应用动态膜原理,以0.1mm孔径的普通筛网代替固定膜材料构成一体式动态膜-生物反应器(DMBR)处理实际城市污水.HRT＝3.5h时,出水水质良好.DMBR在小于数cm的液位差下自流出水,出水中的SS最高检测值为4.05mg/L,但在多数情况下为0.在MLSS约7000～8000mg/L下,当动态膜通量为14.9L/(m²·h)时,出水水头仅为5.8mm;27d连续运行,出水水头没有明显改变.动态膜对反应器上清液中的COD和TOC的平均去除率分别为28.74%和36.9%.当溶解氧浓度大于2～3mg/L时,氨氮去除率大于96%.     

全程自养脱氮新技术处理污泥脱水液的研究

以含有高浓度氨氮的消化污泥脱泥污水为基质,在悬浮填料床反应器中实现了稳定的全程自养脱氮过程.在填料表面培养形成了全程自养脱氮混菌生物膜.反应器的主控条件为T=28℃,pH=8.0左右,溶氧为0.8～1.0 mg/L.两级串联反应器的平均表面负荷为NH₄⁺-N 3～4 g/(m²·d),总的全程自养脱氮率达70%左右.对处理高氨氮含量和低C/N比的废水,全程自养脱氮较常规硝化-反硝化脱氮技术可大大降低氧耗并无需外加有机碳源,因此具有很好的应用前景.     

溶解氧对膜生物反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)处理高氨氮有机废水,探讨了溶解氧(DO)对有机物、氨氮、总氮等去除效果的影响。当进水COD1500mg/L,NH4+-N150mg/L,TP为15mg/L,pH7.5～8.0,MLSS控制在6000～7000mg/L,DO在0.5～4mg/L时对COD的去除效果没有明显影响,都可高达95%;在DO为4.0和2.0mg/L时对NH4+-N的去除率都很高,最高可达99.17%,在DO为0.5mg/L时明显降低,最低降至48.30%。在DO2.0mg/L时,取得了较好的同步硝化反硝化效果,COD、NH4+-N、TN去除率分别高达97%、97%、68%。MBR中硝化反应的比氨氮消耗速率与氨氮浓度成零级反应动力学,比氨氮硝化速率为0.0979/d,比常规处理系统中的污泥硝化活性高。     

磷酸铵镁同时脱氮除磷技术研究

探讨了pH值,物质摩尔配比,反应时间,反应温度,物质浓度,陈化时间,沉淀剂加入方式等因素对MAP同时脱氮除磷效果的影响。确定了各影响因素的较佳值,并对各因素的影响机理进行了探讨。在兼顾处理液的含盐量尽量低,以及满足处理液中的磷含量<10mg/L,氨氮含量在20mg/L左右的条件下,优化出了处理氨氮浓度为0.1mol/L(1400mg/L)及磷酸盐为相应浓度的废水的最佳pH为9.5,最佳摩尔配比为n(Mg):n(P):n(N)=1.2:1.03:1.0。     

悬浮填料与好氧颗粒污泥脱氮对比试验研究

常温连续流条件下,分别在两个反应器中投加悬浮填料和接种好氧颗粒污泥,通过控制工艺条件,两个反应器中均实现了同步硝化反硝化(SND)。改变进水溶解氧DO浓度、碳氮比(C/N)、有机负荷和NH4+-N负荷,分析比较了两个反应器脱氮的重要工艺条件。试验结果表明,在相同的工艺条件下,悬浮填料脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.0mg/L左右,最佳C/N为12;好氧颗粒污泥脱氮最佳DO浓度为1.5mg/L,最佳C/N为5。提高进水有机负荷,两个反应器COD去除率均稳定在较高的水平。NH4+-N浓度升高时,反应器脱氮效率均降低,好氧颗粒污泥比悬浮填料更耐冲击负荷。