Impact of anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning on regional carbonaceous aerosols in South China

Carbonaceous aerosols were studied at three background sites in south and southwest China. Hok Tsui in Hong Kong had the highest concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols (OC = 8.7 ± 4.5 μg/m³, EC = 2.5 ± 1.9 μg/m³) among the three sites, and Jianfeng Mountains in Hainan Island (OC = 5.8 ± 2.6 μg/m³, EC = 0.8 ± 0.4 μg/m³) and Tengchong mountain over the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau (OC = 4.8 ± 4.0 μg/m³, EC = 0.5 ± 0.4 μg/m³) showed similar concentration levels. Distinct seasonal patterns with higher concentrations during the winter, and lower concentrations during the summertime were observed, which may be caused by the changes of the regional emissions, and monsoon effects. The industrial and vehicular emissions in East, Southeast and South China, and the regional open biomass burning in the Indo-Myanmar region of Asia were probably the two major potential sources for carbonaceous matters in this region.     

低碳消费偏好与低碳产品需求分析

低碳消费方式是低碳经济的重要环节,本文对低碳消费偏好和低碳产品需求及其影响因素作了理论分析和实证研究.首先对低碳产品的消费偏好进行了分析,低碳产品消费偏好的两个最重要特征是二元价值结构的产品和超越基本价值的消费偏好,在此基础上构建了低碳产品效用函数.然后根据低碳产品效用函数给出了低碳产品的一般需求模式,结合低碳产品置信度变量的引进,构建了一个具体的低碳产品需求函数,并对低碳产品需求函数进行分析,揭示了低碳产品需求的一些基本性质.为了验证低碳消费理论分析的结论,做了低碳产品消费的问卷调查.对问卷调查进行统计分析,结果表明:收入越高,对低碳产品支付的价格就越高;低碳产品的环境价值置信度越高,意愿支付价格就越商；低碳产品碳排放量降低越多,低碳产品需求价格就越高.最后,结合以上分析,从低碳宣传和公益广告、设立低碳产品标准、鼓励低碳产品技术研发角度提出了促进低碳消费发展的政策建议.     

中国碳排放强度与煤炭消耗的冲击效应分析

受能源消费结构的影响,煤炭作为我国经济发展的资源支柱,一方面推动着经济快速增长,另一方面也对中国节能减排、降低碳排放强度提出了挑战,因而准确认识碳排放强度与煤炭消耗之间的交互冲击作用机理,为挖掘碳减排路径提供了科学依据.本文选取1990 - 2008年间中国碳排放强度与煤炭消耗指标,采用EG协整检验证明碳排放强度与煤炭消耗之间存在长期稳定关系,并以此建立VAR模型和脉冲响应函数,考察碳排放强度与煤炭消耗之间的长期动态影响特征.冲击响应分析结果表明:(1)煤炭消耗比重的变化对碳排放强度的冲击影晌具有一定滞后性和波动性,但冲击作用长期持久；(2)碳排放强度对煤炭消耗比重的冲击影响在短期内较剧烈,但长期冲击影响不明显；(3)煤炭消耗比重的降低在长期内会促使碳排放强度的降低,因而可以通过降低煤炭消耗比重来达到降低碳排放强度的目的.最后,从结构性降低、产业传导性降低以及技术性降低等角度,提出减少煤炭消耗、降低碳排放强度的相关对策措施.     

黄河三角洲湿地主导生态服务功能价值估算

黄河兰角洲湿地是全球暖温带最典型的河口三角洲湿地,具有多种生态服务功能.本文依据每种生态功能的特点和作用机理,分别运用生态经济学、环境经济学或资源经济学的方法对各主导生态服务功能的价值进行了量化估算.结果表明:在黄河三角洲湿地10项主导生态服务功能中,蓄水调洪和降解污染物的功能价值最大;黄河三角洲湿地单位面积价值大约是全国湿地平均单位面积价值的10倍,其中自然湿地的单位面积价值远高于人工湿地的单位面积价值.本研究结果使人们直观地看到了湿地给人类带来的福利,为湿地生态资源的合理定价、有效补偿提供了科学依据.     

矿井通风系统安全性的多层次模糊综合评价

按照事故致因理论,并进行系统安全分析和易发事故分析,建立了矿井通风系统安全性的多层次评价体系;应用层次分析法和Matlab软件,确定矿井通风系统安全性评价体系中各子系统及各指标的权重;结合实际经验,根据安全规范构造各指标隶属度;进而根据评价集构造了梯形分布的隶属函数,并得到各指标对评价集的最终隶属度、模糊关系矩阵和综合评价矩阵;求得矿井通风系统安全状况的综合得分,进而划分安全评价等级,并提出了对应各等级的处理措施。将该评价方法应用到重庆开县桃园联合煤矿,取得了良好的效果。     

北京山区主体功能区协调发展的区域背景分析

主体功能区划主要在于解决区域问题，用科学发展观协调区域发展。本文从区域发展的整体性出发，用空间发展的相互作用理论分析了北京山区各主体功能区协调发展的区域背景。     

铁碳微电解法在废水处理中的研究进展及应用现状

介绍了铁碳微电解法处理废水的作用机理,概述了近10年来国内外利用铁碳微电解法及其组合工艺对印染、造纸、焦化、炸药、制药等废水处理方面的研究进展及实际的应用状况.提出了铁碳微电解法在运行过程中存在的几个问题,并对今后研究工作的大体方向做了初步的探讨.     

Relationship between cultivated land use functions and land rental behavior of rural households: empirical evidence from different dominant functional regions in central China

This paper analyzes the relationship between the cultivated land use functions and the land rental decisions of rural households in three Dominant Functional Zones of Hubei, China. The results indicate that 41.10% of the rural households in the study areas participated in the land rental market. The land rental market in the Key Development Zone has both a higher participation rate and land rent; the Agricultural Production Zone has a higher participation rate but a lower land rent; and the land rental market in the Key Ecological Zone is underdeveloped. The difference in regional function and economic level leads to a significant difference in the spatial variation of the cultivated land use multifunction. Overall, the cultivated land function of rural households has a significant impact on their land transfer behavior. The higher the Functions of Economic Contribution, Food Production, and Pension & Employment, the more willing the rural households are to rent in the land, while the higher the Function of Inheritance and Retainment of the cultivated land use, the more likely the peasants are to retain their cultivated land resources. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient is significantly higher in the Key Development Zone than in the Key Ecological Zone.     

三峡库区典型流域水华暴发评价函数模型研究

藻类在光照充足时将无机磷酸和ADP转化为ATP以储备能量,外部条件改变时,则ATP可逆转换为ADP以释放能量.在此理论框架下根据三峡库区典型流域水华暴发时的现场监测数据研究了绿藻光合磷酸化的活化能ΔE、计算了库区流域中若干水系在不同水文条件下提供的有效能量Δe和综合营养指数TLI(Σ),并以ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)为参数构建了预测和判断不同水域环境中水华是否暴发的水华暴发评价函数F,在考虑外部因素和内部因素对水华暴发影响程度的大量计算和分析的基础上,确定了ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)的相关权重分别为a₁=0.3,a₂=0.3,a₃=0.4.模型计算和实地验证表明:F比单纯的TLI(Σ)作为水华暴发或者水体富营养化的判据更合理,更有说服力和更具普适性.