Effect of initial temperature on explosion characteristics of 2, 3, 3, 3–Tetrafluoropropene

The flammability of refrigerants is a major cause of refrigerant explosion incidents. Studying the explosion characteristics of refrigerants at different initial temperatures can provide significant benefits for solving the safety problems of refrigerants under actual working conditions. This paper studied the effects of the initial temperature and refrigerant concentration on the explosion characteristics of refrigerant 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) at 0.1 MPa. The curves of explosion characteristics with different initial temperature revealed the same variation trend ranged from 25 °C to 115 °C. Specifically, as the refrigerant concentration was raised, the peak overpressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise, and laminar burning velocity increased initially and decreased afterwards, along with maximum values at the refrigerant concentration of 7.6%. When the refrigerant concentration was 7.6%, the peak overpressure declined exponentially with the initial temperature rise, while the maximum rate of pressure rise increased linearly. The laminar burning velocity calculated from the spherical expansion method indicated that the flame propagation was gradually accelerated by the increase of initial temperature, which coincided with the change of the maximum rate of pressure rise. Meanwhile, experiments and CHEMKIN simulation results demonstrated the effects of elevated temperature from 20 °C to 50 °C on the explosion limits of R1234yf. The lower explosion limit reduced and the upper explosion limit increased with rising initial temperature. In general, R1234yf exhibited moderate combustion and lower explosion risk, compared with traditional refrigerants.     

Coupling effects of venting and inerting on explosions in interconnected vessels

The coupling effects of venting and CO₂ inerting on stoichiometric methane-air mixture explosions were investigated in an isolated vessel and interconnected vessels. The results indicate that venting mitigates the explosion intensity, especially for small vessels. For vessels connected by pipes, a venting design following EN 14994 (2007) and NFPA 68 (2013) could not meet the venting requirements. For an isolated big vessel and interconnected vessels, increasing the CO₂ volume fraction (Φ) from 0 to 15.0 vol% decreased the maximum explosion overpressure (P_max) and maximum rate of overpressure rise ((dP/dt)_max) and delayed t_max. For closed interconnected vessels, P_max varied approximately linearly with Φ. For both isolated vessel and interconnected vessels, the coupling effects of venting and CO₂ inerting on methane-air explosion were more efficient than those of individual mitigative method (that is, venting alone or CO₂ inerting alone).     

危化品储罐区多灾种耦合效应风险分析

基于危化品储罐区内发生的多米诺效应，以单灾种引发的多米诺事故研究为基础，根据物理学中的触发器原理解释多灾种耦合引发储罐区其他罐体失效的场景，并提出基于物理学理论的多灾种耦合效应模型；基于一储罐区实例分别建立在火灾、爆炸情况下罐区的灾害扩展网络图，并通过无量纲化处理得到综合灾害扩展网络图；分析储罐区在多储罐受灾情况下的灾害扩展情形，得到当D1，D2发生灾害时，D4，D5灾害扩展概率最大；当D1，D8发生灾害时，D4灾害扩展概率最大，建立了多灾种耦合效应的关联图。研究结果对化工园区多灾种耦合的后果预测评估具有指导意义，有助于减少危化品储罐区多米诺效应的发生以及强化危化品储存的安全基础。     

Insight into vented explosion mechanism and premixed flame dynamics in linked vessels: Influence of membrane thickness and blocking rate

To effectively prevent and mitigate explosion hazards and casualties, relief venting of flammable gas explosions has been applied in production processes in a broad variety of industries. This work conducted fully vented experiments to investigate the influence of venting membrane thickness, and partially vented experiments to investigate the influence of baffle blocking rate on the explosion characteristics of 9.5 vol% methane-air mixtures in linked vessels with a 0.5 m long vented duct. Results indicate that the membrane thickness and blocking rate for the two types of vented explosions significantly affected the explosion overpressure. The smaller the membrane thickness and blocking rate, the lower the explosion overpressure. Secondary explosions were observed in the vented duct through experiments and a weaker explosion flame appeared at a small blocking rate of 20%. With the further increase in the blocking rate, the flame became extremely weak, and no secondary explosions occurred. The overpressure evolution process at different positions in the explosion duct and secondary explosion phenomenon in the vented duct were investigated. This work could probably serve as an important reference for the selection of technical parameters of explosion venting in the practical industrial processes.     

大落差原油管道投产充水过程研究

为了探究大落差管道充水投产过程中存在的不满流及低点超压问题,以中缅原油管道怒江跨越段为例（其最大高差达1 480 m）,基于OLGA多相流瞬态模拟方法,对大落差原油管道充水过程进行仿真研究,重点分析到达管道不同低点位置的最大速度、压力及相应持液率,得到不同输量条件下不同低点位置的水流速度、压力及持液率随时间变化规律。结果表明:当输量为900~2 000 m3/h时该管道中存在的段塞流概率降低57%,同时减少了管压波动以及对管道和设备的破坏,提高了管道输送效率。     

冲击波超压引起的多米诺效应

根据石化装置密集程度高的特点,分析了现有安全评价方法不能较好评估各装置之间相互影响的局限性,提出了多米诺安全评价方法,并对由冲击波超压引起的多米诺效应进行了研究,得出了超压对不同设备损坏概率的评价方法,对构建整个多米诺安全评价方法具有重要意义.     

输气管道高后果区蒸气云爆炸超压预测方法探究*

为准确预测输气管道高后果区在发生蒸气云爆炸事故时的超压分布情况,对国内外运用较为广泛的蒸气云爆炸超压预测经验模型和数值模拟方法进行调研,并分别应用其对某输气管道全尺寸泄漏燃爆实验进行超压预测,结合实验数据和输气管道高后果区管理现状进行方法准确性和工程适用性分析。研究结果表明:基于等效TNT假设的Henrych模型、Mills模型和等效TNT当量数值模拟方法均不适合准确预测蒸气云爆炸超压,TNO多能法和混合气体数值模拟方法所预测的结果较为接近实验结果。TNO多能法使用简便且推广性强,但主观性较大,易高估或低估爆炸后果;混合气体数值模拟方法操作繁琐且推广性差,但分析结果精度较高。在对高后果区进行安全管控时,可结合TNO多能法与混合气体数值模拟方法同时对管道工况进行评估,确定TNO多能法的爆源强度等级,继而推广使用TNO多能法。该研究结果可在较大程度上保证评估的准确性并节约成本。     

巷道中瓦斯爆炸诱导激波传播特性研究

利用AutoReaGas软件,数值模拟巷道中瓦斯浓度和火源对瓦斯爆炸传播的影响,其计算结果表明:爆炸静态超压随着传播距离的增加而减小,而爆炸动压随着传播距离的增加而增大;点火位置距离巷道封闭端越近,各测点得到的爆炸静态超压值越大;瓦斯浓度对爆炸峰值超压影响显著,当浓度为9.5%的氧化反应当量比浓度时,得到的最大峰值超压为70.95kPa,爆炸威力最大。     

高速公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的后果分析

本文针对公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的实例,对事故发生的原因进行了分析.分析结果认为,事故属于沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE),事故对人员和财产危害包括3个方面:火球热辐射、爆炸冲击波超压和抛射碎片.本文介绍了这3种危害的数学模型和方法,并针对事故实例进行了分析和计算.结果表明,在事故发生现场100m范围内的热辐射可致人死亡或造成三度烧伤;冲击波超压在80m范围外会使玻璃破碎,但无人员伤亡;抛射碎片在334 m的范围内都可能对人体造成伤害.由此,可以得出火球热辐射是事故中最主要危害的结论.     

有障碍物开敞空间可燃气云爆炸超压场的数值模拟

利用计算流体动力学软件AutoReaGas定量研究障碍物、障碍物阻塞比对开敞空间可燃气云爆炸超压场的影响以及爆燃超压随测点距离变化的分布规律。研究结果表明:当有障碍物存在时,爆炸峰值超压会显著增加,且峰值超压随着障碍物阻塞比的增加而增加。对于有障碍物条件下开敞空间的丙烷气云爆炸,无论是气云内部还是气云外部,随着距爆心距离的增加,峰值超压都有减小的趋势。