Antibacterial potency of housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion

Use of the fly to convert sewage sludge into nutrient-rich soil conditioner and amendment is an attractive approach for sludge bioconversion. During this process, fecal coliforms, an indicating pathogen, in sludge were reduced to 5.3 × 102 most probable number /g dry solid from initial 3.32 × 106 MPN/g dry solid. It was also found that the extract of larvae grown in sludge during bioconversion have an observable inhibitory effect against bacteria compared to larvae grown in wheat bran as measured by minimum bacterial concentration tests. In vitro antimicrobial assay tests over time also showed that the extract had strong inhibitory efficiencies of ca. 99% against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens, while the efficiency was 69% and 57% against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. The observed pathogenic bacterial cell membrane damage was found to be responsible for the phenomenon mentioned above, with nuclear acids leaching out quickly and alkaline phosphatase increasing in the outer membrane, followed by an increase of β-galactosidase in the inner membrane. Clearly, housefly larvae extract from sewage sludge through bioconversion possesses antibacterial potency against pathogenic bacteria.     

基于渗透特性的MSW颗粒组成和结构分析

在南方某填埋场埋深5~30m范围内取6组重约5kg的试样,对其进行筛分与分拣,研究垃圾颗粒组成随埋深的变化规律,同时对不同荷载作用下的垃圾试样进行染色切片,对比分析上覆压力对垃圾内部结构的影响.结果表明：对于不同埋深的城市固体废弃物,细颗粒（0D,即粒径<2cm）所占比例最大,几乎均超过50%,粗粒中2D颗粒所占比例最高,而塑料在2D颗粒中占比最大;随着荷载的增大,细粒含量增加,大孔隙和优先流通道减小.上覆压力主要通过减少垃圾内部孔隙通道,进而减小渗透系数;2D颗粒在荷载的作用下能定向排列,使渗流路径发生曲折,进而导致渗流各向异性.2D颗粒的定向排列是垃圾渗流各向异性产生的关键因素,其中塑料又是其最重要的因素.     

四环素类抗生素对淡水绿藻的毒性作用

四环素类抗生素是目前世界上应用最为广泛的抗生素之一,也是我国畜禽养殖业中使用量最大的兽药和饲料添加剂.由于该类物质不易被生物体吸收且当前的污水处理设施对抗生素不能彻底去除,故大量抗生素及其代谢产物最终进入地表水环境,其对水生态系统和人体健康的潜在威胁值得关注.本研究以水生态系统初级生产者淡水绿藻为受试生物,系统考察四环素、金霉素和强力霉素对蛋白核小球藻、斜生栅藻细胞膜通透性和生长抑制作用的影响.结果表明,抗生素暴露96 h后,强力霉素在整个作用浓度范围内使供试淡水绿藻细胞膜通透性降低;而金霉素和四环素低浓度暴露可以增大藻细胞膜通透性,此后随着作用浓度的增大转为降低.3种抗生素对淡水绿藻生长抑制率大致呈现强力霉素>四环素>金霉素的顺序趋势.斜生栅藻对四环素类抗生素的毒性响应较蛋白核小球藻更为敏感.     

Assessment of the Usefulness of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Long-Term Watershed Monitoring in an Urban Slough System

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed at eight sites within the Buffalo Slough, near Portland, Oregon, to (1) measure the spatial and seasonal distribution of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and organochlorine (OC) compounds in the slough, (2) assess the usefulness of SPMDs as a tool for investigating and monitoring hydrophobic compounds throughout the Columbia Slough system, and (3) evaluate the utility of SPMDs as a tool for measuring the long-term effects of watershed improvement activities. Data from the SPMDs revealed clear spatial and seasonal differences in water quality within the slough and indicate that for hydrophobic compounds, this time-integrated passive-sampling technique is a useful tool for long-term watershed monitoring. In addition, the data suggest that a spiking rate of 2–5 μg/SPMD of permeability/performance reference compounds, including at least one compound that is not susceptible to photodegradation, may be optimum for the conditions encountered here.     

河道淤泥的轻质化处理及其工程性质

基于河道淤泥综合有效利用的目的,利用其高含水的特征,采用气泡混合轻质化技术对河道淤泥进行轻质化处理。通过室内试验的方法,考察和评价了以河道淤泥为原料土的气泡混合轻质土的基本工程性质,包括它的强度特性、变形特性、渗透性及耐久性能等。研究结果显示,经气泡混合轻质化处理的河道淤泥,具备一般填土的强度与刚度特性,其品质与施工性与固化材料的掺入量有密切的关系,固化后的轻质土具有良好的防渗透能力,但在循环干湿作用下易发生品质劣化现象。研究结果可以作为河道淤泥工程应用的基本依据及质量控制指标,同时也为进一步开发研究建立一定的基础。     

A case study of promoting CH4 discharge and preventing coal & gas outburst accidents by using cross-layer liquid injection technology

To solve the problem of gas extraction in coal bodies with the outburst risk, the cross-layer drilling fluid injection technology for protecting rock pillars is adopted to promote gas extraction. We combined theoretical calculations, laboratory experiments, and field tests to analyze the degree of fissure development in different parts of the coal body. We also determined the liquid injection parameters and negative extraction pressures. The CH₄ extraction effects of three stages before, during, and after liquid injection was compared. The results show that the possibility of coal outbursts in different parts is reduced by 58%∼70% by using liquid injection and pumping technology. The peak value of CH₄ pure flow in the main pipe is increased by 1.5–2.8 times, and the average value is increased by 1.8–2.6 times. The peak value of gas concentration at the orifice of the extraction hole is increased by 1.6–3.5 times, and the average value is increased by 1.6–4 times. Liquid injection to promote extraction greatly improves the gas extraction efficiency in coal bodies, which is of great significance to reducing cost, shortening the construction period, and ensuring safe production, and providing a reference for similar engineering construction.     

非金属药筒环境适应性研究

对非金属药筒全弹采用几种不同的包装方式,模拟了部队实际的弹药贮存条件,在亚热带地区,进行了长期、大量的试验。研究了在典型气候条件下,非金属药筒外形尺寸的稳定性及透湿性;分析了不同试验时间段发射药的内、外挥发分。结果表明,湿热贮存环境下,非金属药筒有一定的变形和透湿性。对此提出了相应的措施。     

膨润土在危废填埋场防渗系统粘土层改性中的应用

通过阐述在工程实践中采用膨润土改性天然粘土的相关情况,分析膨润土在填埋场防渗系统粘土层改性中的应用,表明该方案技术可行、经济合理,可作为类似工程的参考。     

不同筋料对尾矿坝渗透特性影响规律研究

铺设加筋材料作为一种普遍使用的提高土体或坝体稳定性的工程措施,在提高坝 体力学强度的同时,在筋带处形成的混合体也改变了尾矿砂自身的渗透特性。采用理论 分析、渗透试验和数值模拟相结合的研究手段,探析了不同筋带密度下土工格栅与土工 织物对尾矿砂渗透系数的影响。结果表明:土工格栅与土工织物两种加筋方式均会使尾 矿砂渗透系数减小;土工织物加筋在渗流时会阻挡细粒组运移,有效避免细粒组随渗透 水流出,从而降低试件渗透系数;土工格栅则通过横肋对尾矿砂颗粒的嵌锁作用阻滞颗 粒运移,致使渗流过程中孔隙扩展变弱,最终达到降低渗透系数的作用。研究成果加深 了对加筋尾矿坝渗透规律的认识,为研究加筋尾矿坝的稳定性提供了新的思路。     

含瓦斯构造煤卸围压作用渗透性变化特征试验研究

针对含瓦斯煤轴压恒定卸围压渗透性演化规律,以新登煤业二1煤原煤样为研究 对象,利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩三轴应力蠕变渗流试验装置,开展不同围压下轴向应 力恒定卸围压渗流测试试验。基于实验结果表明:构造煤在应力加载阶段渗透率降低, 且轴压围压同时加载,渗透率变化与轴向应变符合线性变化,轴压加载阶段,渗透率与 轴向应变符合负指数函数变化规律;围压卸载阶段,渗透率在卸围压过程中一直减小, 随着轴向应变的增加,渗透率出现反弹,但未出现突变现象,渗透率增加阶段与时间变 化符合退化的负指数函数关系;构造煤渗透率卸围压失稳后,渗透率没有出现突变原因 认为煤样中没有形成较大的有效渗流通道,且在一定的有效应力作用下瓦斯渗流的有效 通道出现自愈合现象。