二氧化锰氧化降解金霉素的动力学研究

研究了金霉素(CTC)在二氧化锰(MnO2)作用下的氧化降解过程,并讨论了初始MnO2浓度、体系pH及温度对降解反应的影响.无MnO2存在时,CTC没有发生降解.但是当体系中存在MnO2时,CTC浓度开始迅速下降,反应后期降解速率逐渐变慢;同时体系中二价锰离子(Mn2+)浓度逐渐升高,表明MnO2可以降解CTC,该过程是一个氧化还原反应.采用草酸溶解MnO2和过滤2种不同的方法终止反应,对比2种方法所得的结果,可以发现该反应过程中,开始阶段降解作用占主导地位,在反应达到平衡后吸附作用才明显.CTC的降解速率随着MnO2初始浓度的增加和体系温度的升高均显著加快.反应体系的pH能强烈影响CTC的氧化降解,降解速率随着pH的升高而明显降低.这是由于CTC随体系pH由3.77升高到7.41时,分别以阳离子、中性形态和阴离子的形式存在;而-δMnO2(pHzpc=2.25)表面在pH3.77的整个范围内均呈现为负电性.因此随pH升高,阴离子形态的CTC逐渐增多,导致其在MnO2表面的吸附作用减弱,从而使降解速率变缓.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos in laboratory soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

Degradation of chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of chlorpyrifos at levels of 4, 8, and 12 mg/kg in soil were calculated to be 14.3, 16.7, and 18.0 d, respectively. The Biolog study showed that average well color development (AWCD) in soils was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by chlorpyrifos within the first two weeks and thereafter recovered to the similar level as the control. A similar variation in the diversity indices (Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U) in chlorpyrifos-treated soils was observed, no significant difference in the Shannon-Wiener index H' was found in these soils. With increasing chlorpyrifos concentration, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) extended and its inhibitory effects on soil microorganisms were aggravated. It is concluded that chlorpyrifos residues in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial functional diversity.     

胞外酶对堆肥中微生物群落演替的影响

研究了添加黄孢原毛平革菌胞外酶对农业废物堆肥中木质纤维素降解及微生物群落演替的影响.结果表明,堆肥初期,胞外酶对微生物生长具有抑制作用,且随堆肥时间的延长逐渐减弱;堆肥后期,胞外酶可提高微生物群落的多样性和均匀性,并促进木质素和半纤维素的大量降解.醌指纹数据显示,胞外酶并未引起新的优势醌的出现,进入高温期后,以MK-7为主要醌类的微生物作为优势菌群,且这种优势一直存在;堆肥后期胞外酶对甲基萘醌影响较大,可促进长链甲基萘醌的出现.主成分分析表明,胞外酶对醌种类演替的影响主要作用在3d和40d,这与非相似性指数结果一致,并使真菌在整个体系中影响力加大.     

Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange over ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films

ITO/CdS/ZnO interface composite films were successfully prepared by subsequent electrodeposition of CdS and ZnO onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates. The obtained ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films were investigated using methyl orange (MO) as a model organic compound under UV light irradiation. The influence of operating parameters on MO degradation including initial concentration of MO, pH value of solution, and inorganic anion species over the composite films were examined. A blue shift of absorption threshold was observed for the ITO/CdS/ZnO film in comparison with ITO/ZnO film. ITO/CdS/ZnO composite films prepared under specific conditions showed a higher photocatalytic activity than that of ITO/ZnO films. It was also found that the photocatalytic degradation of MO on the composite filing followed pseudo-first order kinetics.     

高效烃类降解菌在稠油污水生化处理中的应用

从稠油污水中筛选出四株高效烃类降解菌株,经初步鉴定HD-1、HD-2、HD-4为假单胞菌属,HD-3为芽孢杆菌属。研究了菌株对高温高盐环境的耐受性,采用正交试验法确定了最佳降解效果时各菌的投加量。同时采用生物接触氧化工艺进行了室内模拟实验,探索了高温环境下所筛选菌株对稠油污水的处理效果,重点研究菌株对含油量和COD的去除能力。通过逐渐缩短停留时间,最终将停留时间缩短为8h,发现这种条件下,出水的含油量<1mg/L,达到了高压注汽锅炉用水的标准,对COD的去除率达到70%,去除效果也非常显著。     

超声辅助纳米铁降解酸性红G的实验研究

通过硼氢化纳还原法制备了铁纳米颗粒,并用十二烷基硫酸钠对其进行保护。所得铁纳米颗粒大小在13nm左右,体心立方相。对比了在机械搅拌和超声辅助条件下纳米铁对酸性红G的降解率,超声条件下纳米铁和微米铁对酸性红G的降解率,以及纳米铁投加量、pH值对酸性红G降解率的影响。结果表明,超声辅助下,pH=6～7时,4min内纳米铁对酸性红G有较高的降解率。机理分析表明超声辅助条件下纳米铁对酸性红G的降解主要是超声分散下纳米铁的还原作用得到提高以及纳米铁氧化产物的絮凝作用。     

一株高效十四烷降解菌的筛选及降解条件优化

采集某炼油厂废水处理车间的回流污泥,以十四烷作为唯一碳源筛选分离到一株高效十四烷降解菌。经形态学观察和生理生化特征研究,鉴定为布兰汉氏球菌(Branhamella sp.)。对其降解十四烷的条件进行了优化,实验结果表明,最适降解条件为接种量0.5%,温度35℃,初始pH=7,碳氮摩尔比为0.4:1,在最佳条件下,当十四烷的初始浓度约为50mg/L时,在12h内降解率高达98%以上。     

活性污泥法处理甲苯废气吸收液的研究

以甲苯废气吸收液为研究对象,利用活性污泥法降解吸收液中的污染物,研究了吸收液与生活污水混合比,重点分析了反应体系降解中污染物COD、SS、SCOP和甲苯的浓度变化。实验结果表明,当吸收液与生活污水体积比为5:95,曝气量5L/min,连续曝气4h的条件下,COD、SS、SCOP和甲苯的去除率达到77.18%、94.59%、100%和89.47%,甲苯的好氧降解符合准一级动力学方程。     

高盐苯胺废水降解菌的筛选与特性分析

经富集、驯化分离筛选到的5株高盐苯胺降解菌对苯胺及实际废水均具有一定的降解能力。5株细菌的生长较为迅速,延迟期和平稳期均很短,生长最适温度为25℃,生长的最适pH接近中性。5株细菌对盐的耐受性可达18%,对实际废水的耐受性可达30%。其中3号菌株对苯胺的降解率最高,而22号菌株对实际废水的COD去除率最大。