Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

活性污泥中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定影响因素

研究以污水生物处理中的活性污泥为对象,采用氮蓝四唑光还原法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,从样品制备和保存方面探讨了是否添加溶菌酶液、细胞破碎时间、酶液保存时间与保存温度等因素对SOD活性测定的影响。研究表明,溶菌酶液的加入提高了细胞破碎效果;细胞破碎的条件为99次(工作3 s,停3 s),时间为40 min时破碎效果最好;酶液保存时间在4 h内最佳;-20℃保存比4℃保存对酶活性影响小。最佳检测条件为:取样量为1 mL时,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为20 min时,SOD酶活性最大。     

华南沿海某大气背景点黑碳气溶胶污染特征

黑碳气溶胶(BC)因其显著的气候效应和对人类健康的危害而成为研究的热点。研究背景点位BC的浓度水平和来源特征有助于掌握BC在区域尺度上的辐射强迫特性和环境影响。2009年秋季在华南沿海某区域大气背景点进行了为期约40 d的BC在线观测。观测期间BC的平均浓度为(2.34±1.33)μg/m3,与其它区域背景点相比处于较高水平。利用中尺度天气研究和预报系统WRF模拟的高分辨率三维气象场数据驱动HYSPLIT-4反向轨迹模式,模拟观测期间每小时的气团轨迹,将所有轨迹分为来源特征明显的东北沿海、北方内陆、香港方向和东南海面方向四类。当受到东北沿海来源气团影响时,BC的浓度为平均水平的1.4倍,BC和CO有较好的线性相关关系,而其它三类气团影响时的BC浓度都低于平均浓度,且BC和CO的相关关系很差,说明来自东北沿海地区的较近距离区域传输是影响该背景点大气BC的主要源区。     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬(Ⅵ)地下水的实验研究

用硫酸改性的粉煤灰作为吸附剂,处理含铬(Ⅵ)为5mg/L地下水,最佳条件为:pH=2,液固比10000:3,25℃下反应3h。处理后水样铬(VI)浓度0.03mg/L,满足(GB/T 14848-93)《地下水环境质量标准》。在不改变原水pH条件下,增加粉煤灰用量,水样中铬(VI)浓度也可由5mg/L降至0.05mg/L。同时,吸附剂对铬(VI)的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温线。     

NaClO氧化水中As(Ⅲ)的实验研究

利用氧化剂将水中的As(Ⅲ)氧化成As(Ⅴ),既可提高去除效果,又可降低毒性。文章以NaClO作为氧化剂进行了氧化As(Ⅲ)的相关实验,实验结果表明:pH在4~11的范围内对NaClO氧化As(Ⅲ)的影响不大,As(Ⅲ)的氧化率随着NaClO的投加量和氧化反应时间的增加而增大,其氧化过程更符合一级动力学过程。结论:NaClO氧化As(Ⅲ)迅速,氧化率基本可达到100%,氧化效果明显。     

春季黄渤海溶解有机碳的平面分布特征

依据2010年4～5月对黄渤海调查所得的数据,分析了黄渤海溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)的含量及其平面分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,2010年春季黄渤海DOC的浓度范围为0.96～4.71 mg.L-1,平均浓度为2.27 mg.L-1.平面分布上,DOC整体呈现南北近岸浓度高、中部外海浓度低的特点.在渤海西部近岸、山东半岛东部及长江口东北部均存在高值,尤其是渤海西部近岸,DOC浓度最高达到4.71 mg.L-1,这主要是受河流输入和沿岸流的影响;低值区则主要集中在南黄海中部外海,DOC浓度普遍低于1.50 mg.L-1.     

五孔支撑纤维膜在MBR运行中的特性研究

实验室自行研发的PVDF/PMMA/TPU共混体系的五孔支撑膜具有高强度耐冲击的特点,在一定程度上改善了传统中空纤维膜的断丝情况。将选择典型的、具有代表性的MBR工艺流程,采用自主研发的五孔膜制成帘式组件,用于处理经水解酸化后的印染废水。实验讨论了水力停留时间,曝气强度和污泥浓度对于出水水质的影响,最后确定最优的操作条件为:MBR的水力停留时间为20 h,曝气强度为2.45 m/m.h,污泥浓度为4 500 mg/L。     

两相厌氧工艺处理制漆废水的研究

运用两相厌氧工艺处理制漆工业废水.结果表明,废水在两相厌氧系统中HRT越长,COD及甲苯、二甲苯等有毒有机物质降解越好,从处理工艺的高效性和经济上考虑,产酸相最佳的HRT应为20 h.运用两相厌氧系统处理制漆废水是高效可行的.     

不同曝气强度下SBMBBR和SBR脱氮除磷性能对比研究

对比考察了不同曝气强度下序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)和序批式移动床生物膜反应器(SBMBBR)的脱氮除磷效果,并分析了反应器单个周期内有机物、氮和磷的转化过程.实验结果表明,SBMBBR和SBR脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同步硝化反硝化(SND)及进水、搅拌阶段发生的缺氧反硝化途径实现的,而除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程而完成.曝气强度会影响SBR和SBMBBR好氧阶段SND发生的程度,最佳曝气强度下两者通过SND作用去除的TN量分别达到去除总量的47.7%和79.0%.在采用先行厌氧的运行方式,保持系统内高浓度微生物,使反应器在进水C/N比只有2.2～3.5的条件下均取得了良好的脱氮除磷效果.两者相比,SBMBBR和SBR在COD和NH4-N去+除方面没有差异,而SBMBBR的反硝化、除磷效果更优,TN、TP去除率分别达到95.4%和93.5%,较SBR分别高出10.9%和4.1%.