Polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere along a cruise pathway from the Japan Sea to the Arctic Ocean

Neutral polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in high-volume air samples collected on board the research vessel Snow Dragon during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Expedition from the Japan Sea to the Arctic Ocean in 2010. Four volatile and semi-volatile PFASs (fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acids (FTAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (FASAs), and sulfonamidoethanols (FASEs)) were analyzed respectively in the gas and particle phases. FTOHs were the dominant PFASs in the gas phase (61-358 pg m⁻³), followed by FTAs (5.2-47.9 pg m⁻³), FASEs (1.9-15.0 pg m⁻³), and FASAs (0.5-2.1 pg m⁻³). In the particle phase, the dominant PFAS class was FTOHs (1.0-9.9 pg m⁻³). The particle-associated fraction followed the general trend of FASEs > FASAs > FTOHs. Compared with other atmospheric PFAS measurements, the ranges of concentrations of ∑FTOH in this study were similar to those reported from Toronto, north America (urban), the northeast Atlantic Ocean, and northern Germany. Significant correlations between FASEs in the gas phase and ambient air temperature indicate that cold surfaces such as sea-ice, snowpack, and surface seawater influence atmospheric FASEs.     

The unfolding of ‘12.23’ Kaixian blowout accident in China

In this research, which takes the ‘12.23’ Kaixian blowout accident in Chongqing as an example, firstly the basic information of the accident, including the affected area, the accident process and the accident consequences, was described. Secondly, the development of the accident and other correlative things were researched in detail, especially the monitoring result of concentrations of toxic gases at different times. Thirdly, the blowout accident was categorized into three stages, and the causes of each stage were analyzed in depth together with the events and causal factors charting. Lastly, the profound problems exposed in the disaster were thoroughly discussed. The analysis on ‘12.23’ Kaixian blowout accident indicates that deficiencies in the proper understanding of the hazards by the crew/management as well as inadequacies in risk assessment, management, and the absence of effective countermeasures resulted in the loss of lives.     

人群密度与预警管理的研究

一旦拥挤人群发生突发事件,容易造成群死群伤事故,将预警管理的方法应用到人群安全管理中有利于提高人群的安全管理水平.对人群安全的预警,需要找出适当的预警指标.在综合考虑各类可能的预警指标后,优选出人群密度作为预警指标.根据已有的人群密度研究成果,给出了基于密度的人群安全预警等级.     

Plutonium partitioning in three-phase systems with water,granite grains,and different colloids

Low-solubility contaminants with high affinity for colloid surfaces may form colloid-associated species. The mobile characteristics of this species are, however, ignored by the traditional sorption/distribution experiments in which colloidal species contributed to the immobile fraction of the contaminants retained on the solids as a result of centrifugation or ultrafiltration procedures. The mobility of the contaminants in subsurface environments might be underestimated accordingly. Our results show that colloidal species of ²³⁹Pu in three-phase systems remained the highest percentages in comparison to both the dissolved species and the immobile species retained on the granite grains (solid phase), although the relative fraction of these three species depended on the colloid types. The real solid/liquid distribution coefficients (K _s/d) experimentally determined were generally smaller than the traditional K _s/d (i.e., the K _s+c/d in this study) by ~1,000 mL/g for the three-phase systems with the mineral colloids (granite particle, soil colloid, or kaolinite colloid). For the humic acid system, the traditional K _s/d was 140 mL/g, whereas the real K _s/d was approximately zero. The deviations from the real solid/liquid K _s/d were caused by the artificially increased immobile fraction of Pu. One has to be cautious in using K _s/d-based transport models to predict the fate and transport of Pu in the environment.     

旋转填充床中Fenton＋O3氧化降解模拟阿莫西林废水

以旋转填充床（RPB）作为反应装置，研究了Fenton工艺与Fenton＋O3工艺处理模拟阿莫西林废水的效果，考察了FeSO4·7H2O的投加量、温度、旋转床转速、液体流量及pH对C0D去除率的影响。实验表明，Fenton＋O3工艺的COD脱除率及BOD5／COD相对于Fenton工艺分别提升26．7％和140％。该工艺在pH为3、温度为25℃、液体流量30L／h、气体流量2．5L／h、转速800r／min、H2O2的投加量为1mmol／L及Fe2＋投加量为0．4mm01／L的条件下，100mg／L的模拟阿莫西林废水中COD的去除率达到57．9％，BOD5/COD从0增加到0．36，满足后续生化处理要求。     

Investigation of head injuries by reconstructions of real-world vehicle-versus-adult-pedestrian accidents

A sizeable proportion of adult pedestrians involved in vehicle-versus-pedestrian accidents suffer head injuries, some of which can lead to lifelong disability or even death. To understand head injury mechanisms, in-depth accident analyses and accident reconstructions were conducted. A total of 120 adult pedestrian accident cases from the GIDAS (German in-depth accident study) database were analyzed, from which 10 were selected for reconstruction. Accident reconstructions initially were performed using multi-body system (MBS) pedestrian and car models, so as to calculate head impact conditions, like head impact velocity, head position and head orientation. These impact conditions then were used to set the initial conditions in a simulation of a head striking a windshield, using finite element (FE) head and windshield models. The intracranial pressure and stress distributions of the FE head model were calculated and correlated with injury outcomes. Accident analysis revealed that the windshield and its surrounding frames were the main sources of head injury for adult pedestrians. Reconstruction results indicated that coup/contrecoup pressure, Von Mises and shear stress were important physical parameters to estimate brain injury risks.     

中原经济区能源消费视角下的大气环境压力评估

研究以能源消费模式为切入点,分析中原经济区能源消费总量、消费结构和利用效率的现状水平,并分析能源消费引起的大气环境压力状况。基于经济发展速度调控及节能减排力度的不同,设置2020年三种能源消费情景,使用区域能源消费总量优化模型模拟预测不同情景下的能源消费总量,并分析不同情景下的大气环境压力。结果表明,快速发展和适度发展Ⅰ情景下,2020年区域能源消费总量将比2012年增加4.2×10~8tce和2.4×10~8tce,煤炭消费总量将增加3.1×10~8tce和1.2×10~8tce,大气污染物排放压力增加30%和50%;适度发展Ⅱ情景下,能源消费总量将增加0.2×10~8tce,煤炭消费总量将下降0.3×10~8tce,大气污染物排放压力将降低20%。因此,要实现经济发展稳步增长(年均增长率7.7%)和大气污染物排放总量削减10%目标,重中之重是实现煤炭消费总量"零增长"或"负增长",同时力争能源消费总量控制在5×10~8~6×10~8tce,凭借煤炭占比大幅下降(降至65%左右)最大限度发挥能源供给领域节能效应,依靠产业结构升级节能效应和技术节能拓展能源消费领域节能空间,将能效水平提高至0.6tce/万元以下。     

基于SNMP的重大危险源远程监控系统研究

基于SNMP协议的重大危险源远程监控系统由现场监控网络、SNMP管理代理、SNMP管理工作站、重大危险源管理信息库、SNMP通信模块、数据库、以及计算机网络(Internet)组成。详细分析了现场监控系统、重大危险源管理信息库的定义以及远程监控的实现过程。该系统利用现有网络设施,通过标准的网络管理方式对危险源进行监控和管理。     

页岩气开发压裂返排液环境监管及对策建议

水力压裂技术是目前页岩气开发广泛采用的储层改造技术,但该技术的应用产生大量的返排液,返排液如何处置和监管引起了人们的广泛关注。本文收集了国内外压裂液的成分、返排液的水量和水质等资料,从深井灌注、市政污水处理厂处理后外排、现场处理后回用、现场处理后外排四种处理方式上,分析我国返排液环境监管存在的问题,针对实际问题提出对策建议,包括对化学品进行申报登记、制订污水排放的行业标准、对页岩气开发项目进行分段验收、鼓励研发污水处理新技术等。