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71.
Poul Johansen Martin Munk Hansen Gert Asmund Palle Bo Nielsen 《Chemistry and Ecology》1991,5(1):35-55
In monitoring the impact of a lead-zinc mine in Greenland, species of fish, prawns, seaweed and mussels have been analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for several years. These metals have been released to the marine environment in significant amounts from the mining operation. 相似文献
72.
Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to the algaeAlexandrium ostenfeldii, Chrysochromulina polylepis, Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodinium galatheanum andHeterosigma akashiwo for 24 h; significant reductions in growth rate, as compared to the control, were observed after exposure toA. ostenfeldii, C. polylepis, G. aureolum andG. galatheanum at initial concentrations of 4.5 × 106, 110 × 106, 9 × 106 and 120 × 106 cells l–1, respectively. Exposure to high initial concentrations of the non-toxic algaeTetraselmis suecica (174 × 106 cells l–1) andIsochrysis galbana (610 × 106 cells l–1) showed no adverse effect on growth rate. When mussels with reduced growth were transferred to clean seawater, they recovered to > 90% of control growth within 2 to 4 d. Exposure to algal filtrates of the toxic algal cultures produced no reduction in growth rate. 相似文献
73.
Particle trajectories of 6.4m Latex spheres were recorded by video, both near an isolated blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, gill filament and, in place of an intact interfilamentary canal, in a model canal of width 200, 100 or 70m, formed by a transparent plate positioned next to a gill filament. Each arrangement was placed in a 2 x 10 x 10 cm test vessel filled with seawater. Serotonin (nerve-transmitter) stimulation was used to activate lateral cilia and to either lock latero-frontal cirri at the end of an active stroke (10-5
M), or to activate them (10-6
M), yielding lateral cilia beat frequencies of 19 and 16 Hz, respectively. With latero-frontal cirri locked, image analysis of particle tracks gave maximum velocities of ca. 2.9±0.2mm s-1 close to the tips of lateral cilia, for both isolated filament and model canal cases. Experimental velocity profiles along the 200-m wide model canal were recorded and used as good approximations to the fluid velocity because of the low Reynolds number. A two-dimensional steady model was proposed for the gill pump, assumed to only comprise lateral cilia. This model was solved numerically for the experimental model, canal in the vessel and the results showed satisfactory agreement with experimental volocity profiles from particle tracks. The numerical approach was also applied to a model of a single interfilamentary canal in the vessel. The resulting mean velocity in the canal was 1.70 mm s-1, but the resistance to flow in the model was less than that in an intact mussel gill. Video graphs of particle tracks indicated that active latero-frontal cirri play a role in the transfer of particles from through current to frontal current, probably by means of a strong interaction through the motion of intervening fluid rather than through a direct physical contact. M. edulis specimens used in the present study were collected in 1990 at Helsingør and in 1991 at Kerteminde, Denmark. 相似文献
74.
The effect of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on the seed emergence and early life-stage growth of three terrestrial plants (Sinapsis alba, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne) were studied in a greenhouse, using a Danish agricultural soil with an organic carbon content of 1.6%. After three weeks of exposure, seed emergence and seedling weight (fresh weight and dry weight) were determined. Exposure concentrations were verified with chemical analysis. The substances tested were four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluoranthene, pyrene, phenanthrene and fluorene), the N-, S-, and O-substituted analogues of fluorene (carbazole, dibenzothiophene and dibenzofuran, respectively), and the quinoline representative acridine. Seedling growth was a far more sensitive endpoint than seed emergence for all substances. Concentrations estimated to give a 20% reduction of seedling fresh weight (EC20-values) ranged from 36 to 290 mgkg(-1) for carbazole, 43 to 93 mgkg(-1) for dibenzofuran, 37 to 110 mgkg(-1) for dibenzothiophene, 140 to 650 mgkg(-1) for fluoranthene, 55 to 380 mgkg(-1) for fluorene, 37 to 300 mgkg(-1) for phenanthrene, and 49 to 1300 mgkg(-1) for pyrene. For acridine, no toxicity was observed within the concentration range tested (1-1000 mgkg(-1)). As illustrated by the EC20-values, there was a rather large difference in sensitivity between the species, and T. pratense was the most sensitive of the species tested. 相似文献
75.
76.
Reduction of gas phase polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofuranes by spray dryer absorption from incinerator flue gas has been investigated. Results from pilot plant and industrial scale spray absorption systems are reported. The results show that conditions for very high removal efficiencies exist for all isomer groups. Total removal above 95% has been achieved. 相似文献
77.
Investigations at former dry cleaning sites in Denmark show that sewer systems often are a major vapor intrusion pathway for chlorinated solvents to indoor air. In more than 20 percent of the contaminated drycleaner sites in Central Denmark Region, sewer systems were determined to be a major vapor intrusion pathway. Sewer systems can be a major intrusion pathway if contaminated groundwater intrudes into the sewer and contamination is transported within the sewer pipe by water flow in either free phase or dissolved states. Additionally, the contamination can volatilize from the water phase or soil gas can intrude the sewer system directly. In the sewer, the gas phase can migrate in any direction by convective transport or diffusion. Indications of the sewer as a major intrusion pathway are:
- higher concentrations in the upper floors in buildings,
- higher concentrations in indoor air than expected from soil gas measurements,
- higher concentrations in bathrooms/kitchen than in living rooms,
- chlorinated solvents in the sewer system, and
- a pressure gradient from the sewer system to indoor air.
- prevention of the contaminants from intruding into the sewer system or
- prevention of the contaminated gas in the sewer system from intruding into the indoor air.
- lining of the sewer piping to prevent the contamination from intruding into the sewer;
- sealing the sewer system in the building to prevent the contamination from the sewer system to intrude the indoor air;
- venting of manholes; and
- depressurizing the sewer system.
78.
Zhao Y Duan L Lei Y Xing J Nielsen CP Hao J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2726-2732
China’s strategies to control acidifying pollutants and particulate matter (PM) may be in conflict for soil acidification abatement. Acidifying pollutant emissions are estimated for 2005 and 2020 with anticipated control policies. PM emissions including base cations (BCs) are evaluated with two scenarios, a base case applying existing policy to 2020, and a control case including anticipated tightened measures. Depositions of sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) and BCs are simulated and their acidification risks are evaluated with critical load (CL). In 2005, the area exceeding CL covered 15.6% of mainland China, with total exceedance of 2.2 Mt S. These values decrease in the base scenario 2020, implying partial recovery from acidification. Under more realistic PM control, the respective estimates are 17.9% and 2.4 Mt S, indicating increased acidification risks due to abatement of acid-neutralizing BCs. China’s anthropogenic PM abatement will have potentially stronger chemical implications for acidification than developed countries. 相似文献
79.
T.J. Wallington M.P. Sulbaek Andersen O.J. Nielsen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(11):1478-1481
The photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) for CF3CFCH2 and other commercially significant hydrofluoroolefins have been estimated for the first time. CF3CFCH2 (HFO-1234yf) has a POCP of 7.0 which is less than that for ethane (12.3) and greater than for methane (0.6). Methane and ethane have sufficiently low POCPs that they are usually considered unreactive with respect to ozone formation in urban areas and accordingly are exempt from volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations. Estimated POCPs for other hydrofluoroolefins are: CH2CF2, 18.0; CF2CF2, 12.5; CH2CHCF3, 10.7; CF2CFCF3, 5.4; Z-CHFCFCF3, 5.6; E-CHFCFCF3, 7.3; CH2CHCF2CF3, 6.6; and t-CHFCHCF3, 6.4. 相似文献
80.
Participatory processes for obtaining residents' input about community impacts of proposed environmental management actions have long raised concerns about who participates in public involvement efforts and whose interests they represent. This study explored methods of broad-based involvement and the role of deliberation in social impact assessment. Interactive community forums were conducted in 27 communities to solicit public input on proposed alternatives for recovering wild salmon in the Pacific Northwest US. Individuals identified by fellow residents as most active and involved in community affairs ("AE residents") were invited to participate in deliberations about likely social impacts of proposed engineering and ecological actions such as dam removal. Judgments of these AE participants about community impacts were compared with the judgments of residents motivated to attend a forum out of personal interest, who were designated as self-selected ("SS") participants. While the magnitude of impacts rated by SS participants across all communities differed significantly from AE participants' ratings, in-depth analysis of results from two community case studies found that both AE and SS participants identified a large and diverse set of unique impacts, as well as many of the same kinds of impacts. Thus, inclusion of both kinds of residents resulted in a greater range of impacts for consideration in the environmental impact study. The case study results also found that the extent to which similar kinds of impacts are specified by AE and SS group members can differ by type of community. Study results caution against simplistic conclusions drawn from this approach to community-wide public participation. Nonetheless, the results affirm that deliberative methods for community-based impact assessment involving both AE and SS residents can provide a more complete picture of perceived impacts of proposed restoration activities. 相似文献