Review of technologies and their applications for the speciated detection of RO2 radicals

Peroxy radicals (RO₂), which are formed during the oxidation of volatile organic compounds, play an important role in atmospheric oxidation reactions. Therefore, the measurement of RO₂, especially distinct species of RO₂ radicals, is important and greatly helps the exploration of atmospheric chemistry mechanisms. Although the speciated detection of RO₂ radicals remains challenging, various methods have been developed to study them in detail. These methods can be divided into spectroscopy and mass spectrometry technologies. The spectroscopy methods contain laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), UV-absorption spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and matrix isolation and electron spin resonance (MIESR). The mass spectrometry methods contain chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CI-APi-TOF), chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS), CI-Orbitrap-MS and the third-generation proton transfer reaction–time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR3). This article reviews technologies for the speciated detection of RO₂ radicals and the applications of these methods. In addition, a comparison of these techniques and the reaction mechanisms of some key species are discussed. Finally, possible gaps are proposed that could be filled by future research into speciated RO₂ radicals.     

Study on the reaction of 3-methyl-2-butenal and 3-methylbutanal with Cl atoms: kinetics and reaction mechanism

The reaction of Cl atoms with two C₅ aldehydes (3-methyl-2-butenal and 3-methylbutanal) were investigated by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrum (PTR-MS) using smog chamber at 298 ± 1 K and 760 Torr. A relative rate method was used to determine the rate constants of the title reactions with m-xylene and trans-2-butene as reference compounds: (3.04 ± 0.18)  ×  10⁻¹⁰ and (2.07 ± 0.14)  ×  10⁻¹⁰ cm³/(molecule⋅sec) for 3-methyl-2-butenal and 3-methylbutanal, respectively. Additionally, the gas-phase products were also identified by PTR-MS, and the possible reaction mechanisms were proposed basing on the identified products. The detected gas-phase products are similar for two C₅ aldehydes reactions, mainly including small molecules of aldehydes, ketones and chlorinated aldehyde compounds. The atmospheric lifetimes (τ) calculated for 3-methyl-2-butenal (τ = 7.0 hr, marine boundary layer (MBL)) and 3-methylbutanal (τ = 10.3 hr, MBL) according to the obtained rate constants. The results indicate that Cl atoms at MBL are competitive with OH radicals for the degradation contribution of C₅ aldehyde compounds.     

CaCO3类吸收剂净化焚烧烟气中HCI气体的研究

通常烟气中的酸性气体采用Ca（OH）2净化，然而当烟气温度在300℃以上时，Ca（OH）2喷入到烟气中将快速生成CaCO3。研究了两种CaCO3的反应特性，比较了200-900℃内CaCO3类吸收剂和Ca（OH）2与烟气中HCl气体的反应率，发现在600℃左右和800℃及以上，CaCO3类吸收剂的反应率与Ca（OH）2相当或更高；CaCO3类吸收剂、特别是改性CaCO3可替代Ca（OH）2作为干式净化HCl气体的吸收剂，合适的反应温度在600℃左右。     

Evaluation of municipal solid waste composting kinetics

Most modern municipal solid waste (MSW) composting operations have emphasized the enhancement of decomposition of the organic fraction of the waste to comply with strict environmental regulations. This can be achieved once the composting process kinetics are well understood. This study examined process kinetics through experimentation with bench-scale reactors under controlled composting conditions to show the interdependence between biological, chemical and physical factors during composting of MSW. The effects of temperature, moisture content, waste particle size and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio on process kinetics were evaluated. The results obtained revealed that these factors should be carefully controlled in order to achieve optimum process performance. It has been found that the organic matter degradation during composting follows a first-order kinetic model.     

河水BOD1～20与反应速率常数K的初探

实验证明，由于无锡水域中硝化菌的存在，使ＢＯＤ硝化阶段大为提前。因此当水体含氮有机物丰富时，硝化因素应予以重视。     

Use of silicon and ferrosilicon industry by-products (silica fume) in cement paste and mortar

With increased environmental awareness, recycling/utilization of industrial byproducts is gaining ground. One such by-product is silica fume (SF), which is byproduct of the smelting process in the silicon and ferrosilicon industry. By-products of the production of silicon metal and the ferrosilicon alloys having silicon contents of 75% or more contain 85-95% non crystalline silica. Silica fume is very useful in the design and development of high quality cement paste/mortar and concrete.This paper presents comprehensive details of the physical, chemical, properties, and its reaction mechanism. It also covers the hydration characteristics, consistency, setting times, workability and compressive strength of cement paste and mortar.     

Self-ignition in stone wool insulation contaminated with fatty acid (fundamentals,case study,analysis methodology)

A combination of a residual film of flammable organic substance, air and porous structures like insulation material (e.g. stone wool) may result in a fire. The initiating self-heating process depends on the substance (reactivity, volatility), amount of accumulated liquid, volume and temperature. Specific information is given for application and extension of the Thomas criterion with a 2nd order reaction. The experimental part includes new experimental techniques to determine heat transfer and formal reaction kinetic data. The applied self-ignition temperature (SIT) simulation model relies on liquid film volume and not on liquid film surface reaction. As a further result of the studies detailed working procedure of three simplified methodologies for estimation of SITs in technical scale are presented. New techniques to determine parameters necessary for SIT prediction, especially in combination with Methodology III, have the power to reduce the costs for estimating the SIT up to 80%.     

2．4－二硝基甲苯在水中的光化学反应

本文研究了２．４－二硝基甲苯在纯水、江水、含腐殖质纯水及合过氧化氢纯水中的光化学反应．结果表明：在影响２．４－二硝基甲苯光化学反应的因素中，过氧化氢影响最大，腐殖质次之，ｐＨ值影响最小．研究了２．４－二硝基甲苯在江水、含腐殖质纯水及合过氧化氢的纯水中光化学反应的机理．应用高压液相色谱鉴定了中间产物２．４－二硝基苯甲酸的存在．表明２．４－二硝基甲苯的光化学反应为侧链甲基光化学反应．     

半导体光催化降解气态三氯甲烷的研究

以１５Ｗ主波长为２５４ｎｍ的紫外杀菌灯为光源，锐钛型二氧化钛为催化剂、能够使气态三氯甲烷发生半导体光催化降解反应。空气流量和光强对反应有较大影响。反应产物中氯离子和氢离子浓度基本相符。     

2．4－二硝基甲苯在水中的光化学反应

本文研究了２．４－二硝基甲苯在纯水、江水、含腐殖质纯水及合过氧化氢纯水中的光化学反应．结果表明：在影响２．４－二硝基甲苯光化学反应的因素中，过氧化氢影响最大，腐殖质次之，ｐＨ值影响最小．研究了２．４－二硝基甲苯在江水、含腐殖质纯水及合过氧化氢的纯水中光化学反应的机理．应用高压液相色谱鉴定了中间产物２．４－二硝基苯甲酸的存在．表明２．４－二硝基甲苯的光化学反应为侧链甲基光化学反应．