环境中的轮胎磨损颗粒:从路面到海洋

轮胎磨损颗粒是环境中微塑料的主要来源之一,目前全球轮胎磨损颗粒的释放量在590万t·a^-1左右,约占海洋微塑料总量的15%.轮胎磨损颗粒产生于路面,通过雨水径流迁移,进而存在于路面、土壤、沉积物、水体、生物体等环境介质中.当前轮胎磨损颗粒的检测主要通过检测标记物来实现,因此,标记物的选择是关键.同时,轮胎磨损颗粒会通过吸附和浸出污染物产生污染,对人体和生物体都有一定的健康风险.对于环境中轮胎磨损颗粒的控制,最直接的方式就是在迁移路径中截留轮胎磨损颗粒和加速轮胎磨损颗粒的分解;而改进轮胎配方,降低磨损率可从源头减少轮胎磨损颗粒的释放.目前,人们对轮胎磨损颗粒的认识不足,检测方法还需要完善,其环境行为和风险评价也缺乏相关的研究.获得轮胎磨损颗粒从路面到海洋迁移的规律性认识,对于了解其生态风险和潜在污染问题十分重要.基于此,本文归纳总结了轮胎磨损颗粒的产生、检测方法、环境分布、潜在风险和缓解措施等方面的研究成果,分析了轮胎磨损颗粒研究今后应予以关注的方向.     

基于多行业DSGE模型的中国碳减排政策效应

碳达峰和碳中和目标的提出,标志着中国低碳减排进入新的阶段,从国家层面的宏观政策包括各个行业的行业政策都在推行各种低碳减排政策,从行业异质性视角动态分析碳减排政策的效应具有重要的学术和实践意义。为此,构建一个包含环境外部性和碳减排政策的多行业动态随机一般均衡模型,研究许可证交易和碳税两种政策情景下,行业技术冲击、税收政策和减排政策调整冲击对宏观经济、环境和行业排放的动态效应。模拟发现:许可证交易政策情景下,行业技术冲击具有明显的结构性效应,覆盖行业企业减排率上升,排放下降,而未覆盖行业排放随产出上升而上升,而在碳税政策情景下,这种差异并不明显。政府采用盯住总排放波动的碳减排政策能够有效地减少冲击带来的福利损失,提高对维持排放水平的关注程度能够减少相应的福利损失。建议政府有效地权衡经济增长和改善环境二者之间的关系,在不造成大的负面经济影响的前提下,加大减排政策力度,推广和扩大碳交易试点范围,尽快在全国建立统一的碳市场。制定碳减排政策时,考虑碳减排政策收入的返还机制,配以减税的财政政策以刺激经济,缓和减排政策的负面影响。政府应根据排放水平顺周期地动态调整碳减排政策的强度,适当提高对维持排放水平的关注程度。     

国家地震紧急救援训练基地可控地震废墟设计(I)——结构地震破坏模式

我国是一个地震多发的国家,地震灾害给我国造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的生命伤亡。专业化的震后紧急搜索救援能够最大限度地减少人民生命财产的损失,是防震减灾体系不可或缺的组成部分。通过大量的地震灾害实例,并借鉴地震灾害评估方法和建筑物抗震设计,对危害人类生命财产的建筑物震害的特征按照结构类型进行了详细说明,通过对这些地震中常见震害的了解和认识,为国家地震紧急救援训练基地的规划设计和相应搜索救援训练科目的设置提供依据。     

湖北省油菜测土配方施肥下N2O减排潜力估算

以油菜种植大省-湖北省为案例地,在分析农田氮肥施用与油菜籽产量的基础上,依据氮肥利用率变化,估算测土配方施肥技术在湖北省全面推广的情况下,带来的N2O减排潜力.结果表明,在湖北省油菜种植中,测土配方施肥技术的推广将带来646.32ktCO2-eq的理论减排.以2012年湖北省油菜测土配方推广情况为基础,进一步全面实施该项技术,将产生173.91ktCO2-eq的减排量,占油菜种植因氮肥使用而产生的N2O排放总量的13.98%.测土配方施肥通过优化营养元素配比,提高油菜氮肥利用效率,是一项控制与减少农业N2O排放、减少氮素在环境中盈余量的有效措施.     

改性黏土絮凝海洋原甲藻对水体中氮、磷的影响研究

通过对比研究典型有害微藻海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg)自然消亡(A1组)及改性黏土絮凝(A2组)两种体系,考察两体系中氮、磷等主要水质因子的变化情况.结果表明,改性黏土能有效去除P. micans并影响其后期生长状态,0.4g/L改性黏土添加3.5h后去除率可达60%以上,且藻密度无二次增长.改性黏土絮凝藻华过程中能有效去除水体营养元素, A2组DIP和DIN较A1组分别降低85%和35%.另外,添加改性黏土对水体有机氮、磷影响值得关注,第33d A2组TON和TOP较A1组分别减少约120, 6μmol/L. 改性黏土对有机氮、磷存在一定的埋存保护作用,通过吸附絮凝、螯合等作用使有机氮、磷脱离水体系统,而自然消亡体系中的微藻消亡后将通过分解、矿化等过程快速进入水体参与再循环.该研究系统阐述了改性黏土絮凝P. micans对水体营养环境的影响,以期为现场治理提供理论支持.     

Linking the stressors and stressing the linkages: Human—environment vulnerability and brownfield redevelopment in New York City

This paper suggests that the mitigation of one hazard—soil contamination—can unintentionally affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional stressors in the local human—environment system through a study of brownfield redevelopment in New York City. This study employs a Vulnerability Scoping Diagram (VSD) approach to identify components that contribute to vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities in the local community, based on the thematic analysis of 55 interviews with residents from four neighbourhoods with brownfield redevelopment activities in New York City. This analysis of resident observations and perceptions of post-redevelopment hazard conditions indicates how mitigating vulnerability to one urban hazard—soil contamination—has the potential to affect vulnerabilities and perceived vulnerabilities to additional hazards like flooding and air pollution because of the complex linkages among multiple stressors. A causal model of vulnerability to the unintended impacts of brownfield redevelopment is subsequently developed to further demonstrate the interactive linkages among exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to multiple stressors. This study also provides measures that stakeholders can monitor and evaluate over time to track the socio-spatial and environmental implications of brownfield redevelopment and subsequent changes in the local human—environment system.     

环境学习曲线与我国碳减排目标的地区分解

2009年我国政府提出:2020年碳排放强度在2005年的基础上降低40%～45%,这是我国应对全球气候变化的重要举措. 依据环境技术经济学的有关理论,运用1995—2007年的有关统计数据,建立了我国大陆30个省区(省、市、自治区)碳排放环境学习曲线(ELC),并依据ELC模型预测了碳排放强度和碳减排潜力. 结果发现,按照过去12 a的自然趋势,2020年各省区的碳减排潜力为15%～58%,全国碳减排总潜力为30.6%. 从“需求”与“可能”出发,将9.4%的缺口按比例分配到9个高碳省区,并依此重新计算各省区碳减排目标和分担率.      

施用高效氮肥对农田N2O的减排效果及经济效益分析

收集高效氮肥N2O排放资料,利用整合分析法分析高效氮肥对N2O的减排效果.稳定性氮肥排放的N2O是普通肥料的0.66倍,减排效果显著;包膜缓释氮肥N2O排放量为普通氮肥的0.95倍,无显著减排效果.若将全国范围的普通氮肥替换为稳定性氮肥、且用N量不变时,稳定性氮肥在中国农田的N2O减排潜力均值为1.03×108 kgN/a,碳排放交易收入为16.86亿元/a;根据现有市场上稳定性氮肥的价格,每亩地每季补贴4.9元,碳排放交易收入和稳定性氮肥成本增加量相抵.由于稳定性氮肥能有效提高N利用率,保证农作物吸N总量不变时减少用N量,稳定性肥料N利用率提高8个百分点时,N2O减排经济效益(即碳排放交易收入-稳定性氮肥成本增加量)为94亿元/a.     

Mitigation and remediation technologies for organic contaminated soils

Organic contaminated soils have become a widespread environmental problem, which may lead to a great threat to the quality of agricultural production and to human health. Physical, chemical, and biological technologies have been employed for the mitigation and remediation of organic contaminated soils. This paper reviews the progress of mitigation and remediation technologies for organic contaminated soils and suggests two different strategies for the mitigation of ’slightly-contaminated’ agricultural soils and the remediation of ‘heavily-contaminated’ soils/sites, respectively. On this basis, directions for future research in this field are suggested.     

Monitoring the effect of restoration measures in Indonesian peatlands by radar satellite imagery

In the context of the ongoing climate change discussions the importance of peatlands as carbon stores is increasingly recognised in the public. Drainage, deforestation and peat fires are the main reasons for the release of huge amounts of carbon from peatlands. Successful restoration of degraded tropical peatlands is of high interest due to their huge carbon store and sequestration potential. The blocking of drainage canals by dam building has become one of the most important measures to restore the hydrology and the ecological function of the peat domes. This study investigates the capability of using multitemporal radar remote sensing imagery for monitoring the hydrological effects of these measures. The study area is the former Mega Rice Project area in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, where peat drainage and forest degradation is especially intense. Restoration measures started in July 2004 by building 30 large dams until June 2008. We applied change detection analysis with more than 80 ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS PALSAR images, acquired between 2004 and 2009. Radar signal increases of up to 1.36 dB show that high frequency multitemporal radar satellite imagery can be used to detect an increase in peat soil moisture after dam construction, especially in deforested areas with a high density of dams. Furthermore, a strong correlation between cross-polarised radar backscatter coefficients and groundwater levels above -50 cm was found. Monitoring peatland rewetting and quantifying groundwater level variations is important information for vegetation re-establishment, fire hazard warning and making carbon emission mitigation tradable under the voluntary carbon market or REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) mechanism.