我国24个典型饮用水源地中14种酚类化合物浓度分布特征

研究了14种酚类化合物在我国五大流域(黄河、海河、辽河、长江、淮河)24个典型饮用水源地水源水中的浓度水平.结果显示:14种酚类化合物在我国饮用水源地中的浓度在nd～213 ng·L-1范围内,浓度均值在2.44～31.2 ng·L-1范围内,浓度中位数在nd～40.0 ng·L-1范围内.14种酚类化合物中,硝基苯酚类化合物浓度最高,浓度中位数为37.9 ng·L-1,浓度平均值为27.4 ng·L-1.其次为苯酚、五氯酚、二氯苯酚(2,4-二氯苯酚和2,6-二氯苯酚)和三氯苯酚(2,4,6-三氯苯酚和2,4,5-三氯苯酚);四氯苯酚(2,3,5,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,5-四氯苯酚)和烷基苯酚(邻甲基苯酚、间甲基苯酚和对甲基苯酚)浓度较低.通过商值法对14种酚类化合物进行生态风险评价后发现,14种酚类化合物的风险商均远小于1,表明其对我国饮用水源地的生态风险较低.对8种已报道健康参考剂量或致癌斜率因子的酚类化合物进行健康风险评价,结果显示,7种酚类化合物的最大非致癌风险在10-6到10-4范围内,2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的致癌风险在10-6量级以下,表明其健康危害较弱.     

废旧线路板中主要有价金属的生物反应器浸出研究

为探讨可供实际生物浸出应用的反应器规模废旧线路板中有价金属浸出特性和工艺条件,通过设计序批式生物浸出反应器,采用分离到的氧化亚铁硫杆菌Z1作为菌种资源,在考察废旧线路板中有价金属的浸出特性的基础上,确定了反应器运行的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,反应器运行的最佳工艺条件为曝气量1L/min、停留时间30h、搅拌速率300r/min以及粉末投加量12g/L.在此条件下,经过101h可以浸出90.24%的铜.同时,经197h的浸出,可以溶出93.06%的镁、92.00%的锌、85.59%的铝和64.51%的镍.因此,生物浸出反应器能有效回收废旧线路板中的有价金属,为该技术的实际应用提供了实验证据.     

Arsenic removal from groundwater by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions

Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction.     

Debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron：Preparation, characterization and influence factors

An organo-montmorillonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron material(M-NZVI) was synthesized to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-209). The results showed that nanoscale zero-valent iron had good dispersion on organo-montmorillonite and was present as a core-shell structure with a particle size range of nanoscale iron between 30–90 nm, characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, XRF, ICP-AES, and XPS. The results of the degradation of BDE-209 by M-NZVI showed that the efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 was much higher than that of NZVI. The efficiency of M-NZVI in removing BDE-209 decreased as the pH and the initial dissolved oxygen content of the reaction solution increased, but increased as the proportion of water in the reaction solution increased.     

电价市场化需突破体制藩篱

国家发改委批复了云南直购电试点的输配电价,这意味着从政策制定者角度看,直购电仍是现阶段探索电力体制改革的可行方式。分析人士认为,电力体制改革不能仅停留在直购电试点上,不从根本上改变对现行电网的定位,不将竞价上网与输配分开统筹考虑,简单通过直购电试点,很难达到电力体制改革的预期效果。     

高效去除难降解毒害污染物的零价铁技术装备

文章综述了可高效去除硝基芳烃、氯代有机物、毒害重金属等典型难降解毒害污染物的零价铁技术的降解机理及应用效能,重点总结了其技术装备的改良优化与集成强化方式,系统比较了多种技术装备及应用流程的性能优势及应用缺陷。进一步展望了该技术国内外的最新方向及应用前景。     

有机蒙脱石负载纳米铁去除溶液中四溴双酚A的研究

研究了改性蒙脱石负载纳米铁材料(NZVI-CMT)在甲醇-水体系中对四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的去除作用,并确定了反应温度、TBBPA初始浓度以及材料投加量等因素对去除效果的影响.结果表明,在25℃条件下,0.02 g NZVI-CMT对初始浓度为10 mg·L-1TBBPA溶液的去除率可达97.5%,而且NZVI-CMT对TBBPA的去除率明显高于两种单一材料即纳米零价铁(NZVI)及有机蒙脱石(CMT)的去除率(18.3%、67.3%),同时也大于两者之和(85.6%).利用NZVI-CMT对TBBPA进行重复去除实验时,前3次的去除率均可达到90%以上.通过检测降解产物并分析材料对TBBPA去除过程的特性,发现NZVI-CMT对TBBPA的去除以吸附为主,并伴有少量还原脱溴反应发生,而且较高的反应温度对降解反应有利.     

零价铁对脱色希瓦氏菌S12偶氮还原的促进作用

以脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis)S12为实验菌株,研究了零价铁(ZVI)存在条件下微生物的厌氧偶氮还原特性及其最佳反应条件.结果表明,ZVI可显著促进菌株S12的厌氧偶氮还原速率.培养30 h后含有20 mmol.L-1微米级ZVI和S12菌的培养体系中,菌株S12对1 mmol.L-1苋菜红的脱色率达100%,比不含ZVI的S12菌培养体系和只含ZVI的体系的偶氮还原率分别提高了23.16%和94.66%;在额外含20 mmol.L-1甲酸钠的培养体系中,ZVI的存在也使S12菌对苋菜红的脱色率提高了20.54%.此外,ZVI的存在可显著提高培养体系对偶氮染料的耐受能力.在投加ZVI和菌株S12培养体系中,连续批量投加浓度为1 mmol.L-1的苋菜红可在276 h内实现11次有效脱色,而不含ZVI的S12菌培养体系中只能实现3次有效脱色.进一步的研究发现,ZVI与菌株S12协同培养体系的最适反应pH为9.0,最适ZVI投加量为60 mmol.L-1.与毫米级和纳米级ZVI颗粒相比,微米级ZVI颗粒具有更强的促进作用.本研究结果将为利用ZVI协同促进偶氮染料的生物治理效果提供科学参数.     

环境监测数据质量探究

"数据是产品,质量是生命"如实的反映了数据质量对于整个环境监测工作的重要性。只有保证环境监测数据的准确性、代表性、可比性、完整性、精密性才能真正体现环境监测结果的客观真实,为环境保护、节能环保政策的制定提供决策依据。本文就环境监测数据"五性"的含义及其实现方法进行了简要论述。     

地表水和地下水中的砷、硒同时测定

通过利用双道原子荧光法,同时对地表水和地下水样品中砷、硒进行测定,具有操作更加简单、监测分析速度快、节省试剂等优点。