Performances of biological aerated filter employing hollow fiber membrane segments of surface-improved poly （sulfone） as biofilm carriers

Using the surface of poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segments as grafted layer, the hydrophilic acrylamide chain was grafted on by UV-photoinduced grafting polymerization. The gained improvement of surface wettability for the modified membrane was tested by measuring the contact-angle as well as FTIR spectra. Then correlation between the hydrophilic ability of support material and the biofilm adherence ability was demonstrated by comparing the pollutant removal rates from urban wastewater via two identical lab-scale up-flow biological aerated filters, one employed the surface wettability modified poly （sulfone） hollow fiber membrane segment as biofilm carder and the other employed unmodified membrane segment as biofilm carder. The experimental results showed that under the conditions of influent flux 5 L/h, hydraulic retention time 9 h and gas to liquid ratio （G/L） 10： 1, the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and ammonium nitrogen （NH4^＋-N） for the modified packing filter and the unmodified packing filter was averaged at 83.64% and 96.25%, respectively, with the former filter being 5%-20% more than the latter. The effluent concentration of COD, NH4^＋-N and turbidity for the modified packing filter was 25.25 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 8 NTU, respectively. Moreover, the ammonium nitrogen removal performance of the filter packing the modified PSF was compared with the other bioreactor packing of an efficient floating medium. The biomass test indicated that the modified membrane matrixes provided better specific adhesion （3310-5653 mg TSS/L support）, which gave a mean of 1000 mg TSS/L more than the unmodified membrane did. In addition, the phenomenon of simultaneous denitrification on the inner surface of the support and nitrification on the outer surface was found in this work.     

不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地对富营养化景观水的净化效果

研究了两套不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地小试装置在不同季节对富营养化景观水的净化效果,分析了温度变化对污染物去除效果的影响,考察了微生物的硝化强度和反硝化强度以及基质理化性质对植物生长状况的影响,并探讨了氮、磷的去除途径.结果表明:不同基质复合垂直流人工湿地随季节变化对浊度、COD和磷的去除效果差异不明显;温度降低对脱氮效果影响显著,对磷的去除影响不大.沸石-页岩湿地硝化强度和反硝化强度优于砾石湿地.采用沸石作为基质可以提高系统对氮的去除效率,促进湿地植物的生长.对氮、磷去除途径的分析表明:微生物的硝化反硝化作用以及基质对磷的吸附沉淀作用是复合垂直流人工湿地去除氮、磷的主要途径;植物吸收分别占湿地TN、TP去除量的16%和35%左右,也是个重要途径.     

地下水环境中反硝化作用

地下水氮污染已是全球性的环境问题，反硝化作用是地下水脱氢的主要机制。本文综述了地下水环境中反硝化作用的判据、速率、影响因素以及人工强化措施，指出了存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

影响活性污泥脱氮效率的因素

活性污泥对氮的去除主要通过硝化和反硝化作用来进行。温度、pH、溶解氧浓度、污泥龄、毒性物质、污水性质(有机物含量、氮浓度)都会对系统脱氮能力产生影响。一般较高的pH、延长污泥龄、较低的溶解氧浓度和较低的有机碳浓度均能提高系统的硝化能力,反硝化/硝化系统具有投资省、脱氮效率高等优点。除甲醇外,其它一些工业废弃物也可作为促进反硝化作用的碳源。由于厌氧环境有利于反硝化作用,所以厌氧/好氧(A/O)法和间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)具有极高的脱氮效率。     

长期不同施肥量对全程氨氧化细菌丰度的影响

全程氨氧化细菌(Comammox Nitrospira)的发现彻底改变了对传统硝化作用的认知,其在生物地球化学氮循环中可能具有很重要的作用,并为硝化作用研究提供了新的思路,故需要有更多的工作去评估Comammox Nitrospira在不同生态系统中的分布,本试验选取西南大学长期定位试验田的3种不同施肥量的水稻土,分别为对照组(blank control)、常规施肥量(NPK)、高量施肥(1.5NPKS)处理土壤,进行硝化势及硝化微生物尤其是全程氨氧化细菌的测定.结果表明:(1)3种施肥量处理土壤中均检测出较高数量级的Comammox,分支A(Clade A)丰度(以干土计,下同)分别为9.0×107、1.7×108、7.2×108copies·g~(-1),而分支B(Clade B)丰度分别为1.5×107、1.2×107、1.7×107copies·g~(-1).(2)3种施肥土壤中AOA丰度为1.5×107~1.2×108copies·g~(-1),AOB丰度分别为2.0×105~9.3×107copies·g~(-1),均低于Comammox丰度,而不施肥条件下Comammox丰度与AOA、AOB的比值最大,分别为7.2、524.4.(3)Comammox Clade A丰度与Comammox Clade B的比值随施肥量增加而增加,且比值依次为6.1、14.4、43.1.(4)NPK、1.5NPKS两种N肥施用量下全程氨氧化细菌分支A丰度分别为对照组的1.9、8.0倍,氨氧化古菌(AOA)分别是对照组的3.2、7.2倍,氨氧化细菌(AOB)均比对照组显著增加2个数量级;硝化势也随施肥量增加而增大;但不同施肥量对分支B丰度却无显著影响.本试验结果表明Comammox广泛分布于中性紫色水稻土中,在水稻土中丰度均比AOA、AOB高,因此Comammox很有可能在中性紫色水稻土的硝化作用中有一定贡献;水稻土中Comammox以Comammox Clade A为主.     

直流电对硝化细菌活性的影响

研究外加直流电分别对悬浮和固定膜二种存在状态的硝化细菌代谢活性和硝化效率的影响 .小于 2 5A·m-2 的直流电对游离细菌硝化氨氮没有影响 ,5A·m-2 以上的电流开始抑制细菌的硝化作用 .生物膜具有较强的抗电能力 ,15A·m-2 的直流电仅使氨氮的硝化速率降低 2 0 % .另外 ,电流对生物膜的持菌量影响差异较大 .当电流密度为 15A·m-2 时 ,负极的持菌量减少 90 %以上 ,正极减少 5 8% ,而电极中间填料的持菌量仅减少 8% .测量生物膜中磷脂含量发现 ,正极表面生物膜中活细菌比重最小 ,正极其次 ,填料表面生物膜中活细菌含量最高     

河口区域反硝化作用研究进展

反硝化作用是河口区域去除NO-3的重要途径.其产物之一N2O是一种温室效应很强的温室气体.本文综述了河口区域反硝化作用在N元素生物地球化学循环过程中的重要作用,概述了不同测定反硝化速率的方法,并提出了各种方法的优缺点.总结了反硝化作用的影响因素:O2浓度,NO3-,有机质,温度,生物等.在这些因素的影响下,反硝化存在着区域性,季节性以及昼夜性差异.最后,提出了目前研究中存在的不足及发展方向.     

Simultaneous phosphorus and nitrogen removal in a continuous-flow two-sludge system

The ability of simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal was investigated in a lab-scale continuous-flow two-sludge system. Alternating anaerobic and anoxic conditions were combined with contact oxidation stage for treating raw municipal wastewater. Long-term experiments showed that the contradiction of competing for the organic substrate between denitrifying bacteria and PAOs （phosphorus accumulating organisms） in traditional phosphorus and nitrogen removal system has been resolved. The system can adapt to low influent COD/TN ratio （C/N）. Furthermore the SRT （sludge retention time） of nitrifying sludge and denitrifying phosphorus removal sludge can be controlled at optimal conditions respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, TP, TN, and NH4-N was 81.78%, 92.51%, 75.75%, and 84.47% respectively. It was also found that the appropriate influent C/N should be controlled at the range of 3.8-6, while the optimal C/N to the system ranged between 4-5, and the BFR （bypass sludge flow rate） should be controlled at 0.35 around.     

Removal of organic matter and nitrogen from distillery wastewater by a combination of methane fermentation and denitrification/nitrification processes

Introduction D istillery w astew ater m ainly includes spent w ash, w hich is one of the m ost com plex, troublesom e industrial organic effluents. This kind of w astew ater has previously been treated aerobically after dilution w ith other w ash w aters.…