脱硫石膏中典型重金属组分批淋滤特性研究

淋滤实验是目前研究固体废弃物中重金属迁移性最常用的方法,为了揭示脱硫石膏中Cr、As、Ni、Pb重金属组分的迁移特征,对脱硫石膏进行赋存形态和淋滤实验的实验研究。结果表明重金属组分大多以氧化物结合态为主,其中FA1中重金属可淋滤态大小为PbAsCrNi,而FA2中重金属可淋滤态为AsPbNiCr。淋滤实验采用pH为4.0和4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液为淋滤液,淋滤时间为17 d,淋滤实验结果表明,各重金属的淋出率随淋滤时间的延长而增加;Cr、Ni、Pb组分随着淋滤液pH值降低而增加;重金属的赋存形态对重金属迁移特性有重要影响。脱硫石膏FA1中Cr、As、Ni、Pb以及脱硫石膏FA2中的Cr、Pb的最高淋出量超过《地表水环境质量标准》,在脱硫石膏资源化应用过程中可能对环境造成危害。     

高原城市昆明公路隧道大气中PM2.5理化特征分析

为研究高原地区机动车尾气排放特征,选取昆明市草海隧道内大气PM_(2.5)为研究对象,并对样品中的水溶性离子、碳组分、多环芳烃、无机元素进行分析.结果表明,隧道内PM_(2.5)质量浓度为225.65~312.84μg·m~(-3),是同期环境大气中PM_(2.5)浓度的11~14倍,PM_(2.5)中碳组分所占比重最高,约占总质量浓度的35.73%,其次无机元素占21.78%,离子组分在4.79%~5.52%之间,含量最低的是多环芳烃,占0.25%~0.32%;离子组分中Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)含量较高,占总离子浓度的77.78%~80.17%,显示为地壳来源,其次是NH_4~+、NO_3~-的浓度也相对较高,主要来自机动车尾气源;草海隧道PM_(2.5)中以分子量相对较大、不易挥发的4、6环PAHs为主,机动车尾气对PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的贡献十分显著,毒性最强的Ba P浓度是国家规定浓度限值的23~29倍,高原草海隧道大气中存在PM_(2.5)暴露健康风险;隧道大气PM_(2.5)中元素由PCA分析显示机动车尾气和道路扬尘来源占比约61.64%,其次机械磨损排放源占比约为17.49%,最后为轮胎磨损排放源,占比为9.11%;云贵高原大气低压低氧条件下,机动车发动机燃料不完全燃烧几率较高,导致机动车尾气PM_(2.5)中的OC以及PAHs排放量增加.     

无排泥条件下的膜-生物反应器系统处理焦化废水可行性研究

小试规模浸没式厌氧/缺氧/好氧-膜-生物反应器(A1/A2/O-MBR)系统用于处理实际焦化废水,在无排泥条件下连续运行160 d.考察了长期运行条件下系统对不同污染物的去除性能,并通过亲疏水组分分离和三维荧光光谱法,对进出水焦化废水中溶解性有机物(DOMs)特征进行分析.结果表明,A1/A2/O-MBR系统能稳定去除88.0%±1.6%的COD,99.9%的挥发酚,99.4%±0.2%的浊度和98.3%±1.9%的NH4+-N,相应的平均出水浓度分别为249 mg/L±44 mg/L、0.18 mg/L±0.05 mg/L、1.0NTU±0.2 NTU和4.1 mg/L±4.3 mg/L;最大TN去除率可达到74.9%.在系统160 d运行过程中,MLVSS/MLSS维持在90.2%±1.0%,没有出现无机物的积累;污泥的表观产率(MLVSS/COD)逐渐降低并最终稳定在0.035 kg/kg.在焦化废水DOMs的疏水酸性、疏水中性、疏水碱性和亲水物4种组分中,疏水酸性物是进出水中最主要的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和色度组分,分别占进出水总DOC的70%和67%,总色度的75%和76%.三维荧光光谱分析表明腐殖质类物质是系统出水中残留的主要难降解有机物和致色物质.     

Phosphorus fractions and its release in the sediments of Haihe River, China

The amounts and forms of phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, North China, were examined using a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Five fractions of sedimentary P, including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), metal oxide bound P (NaOH-P), calcium bound P (HCl-P), and residual P (Res-P) (organic and refractory P), were separately quantified. The results indicated that the contents of di erent P fractions in the sediments varied greatly. The total P (TP) contents ranged from 968 to 2017 mg/kg. Phosphorus contents in NH4Cl-P, BD-P, NaOH-P, and HCl-P ranged from 6.7 to 26.6 mg/kg, 54.5 to 90.2 mg/kg, 185.2 to 382.5 mg/kg, and 252.3 to 425.5 mg/kg, respectively, which represented 1.2%–3.2%, 7.7%–13%, 33.3%–48.9%, and 36.2%–54.2% of the sedimentary inorganic P, respectively. For all the sediment samples, the rank order of P-fractions was Res-P > HCl-P > NaOH-P > BD-P > NH4Cl-P. The highly positive relationship between the amounts of P released from the sediments and those in the NH4Cl-P and BD-P fractions, indicated that NH4Cl-P and BD-P were the main fractions that can release P easily.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter fractions from Lake Hongfeng, Southwestern China Plateau

With XAD-series and ion exchange resins, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from Lake Hongfeng in Southwestern China Plateau was isolated into 6 fractions, i.e., humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB) and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). Those fractions were characterized by high performance size exclusion chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorbance. Among the 6 fractions, FA was predominant and accounted for 51% of the total DOM. The weight-average (M_w) and number-averaged (M_n) molecular weight of these fractions ranged from 1688 to 2355 Da and from 1338 to 1928 Da, respectively. A strong correlation was observed between specific UV absorbance at 280 nm, E₂/E₃ (absorbance at 250 nm to 365 nm), and the molecular weight for DOM fractions. UV-Vis fulvic-like fluorescence peaks were found in all fractions. Protein-like fluorescence peaks existed in HON may indicate that microbial activity was severely in Lake Hongfeng. There was a significant relationship between fluorescence intensities and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm for those DOM fractions, suggesting their similar luminescence characteristics. The values of fluorescence index (f_450/500) indicated that hydrophobic fractions may derive from terrestrial sources, and the hydrophilic fractions from microbial and terrestrial origins. Those results suggest that there were inter-relationships between molecular weight, fluorescence and absorbance characteristics, and also subtle consistencies between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties and the sources for these 6 fractions from Lake Hongfeng.     

No.0柴油水溶组分海洋浮游植物生态效应研究

应用现场和实验室培养方法,研究了No.0柴油水溶组分海洋浮游植物生态效应.提出了摄食条件下的海洋浮游植物生长模型和不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下浮游植物生长效应模型,分析了不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下浮游植物生长效应.结果表明,摄食条件下的海洋浮游植物生长模型较传统Logistic模型能更好地反映海洋生态系统,同时应用非线性拟合技术得到了不同浓度No.0柴油水溶组分下海洋浮游植物终止生物量（B_f）.根据海洋浮游植物生长效应模型进一步分析表明,在现场和实验室条件下,低浓度No.0柴油水溶组分对浮游植物生长有明显促进作用,生长促进率最大分别约为180%和120%,然而,在高浓度No.0柴油水溶组分条件下,石油烃对浮游植物生长效应不甚显著,甚至有明显抑制作用.     

长期施肥对水稻土耕层微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

以亚热带2个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点的土样为对象,研究了长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量氮(B_N)和有机氮组分的影响.采用氯仿熏蒸-K₂SO₄提取法和酸水解-蒸馏法分别对耕层土壤微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分进行了测定.结果表明,经过17a的有机无机肥配合施用,土壤氮含量水平较低的宁乡点,土壤全氮平均每年增加约40 　mg·kg^－1,而土壤氮含量水平较高的南县点,平均每年增加约55 　mg·kg^－1.有机无机肥长期配合施用也提高了土壤微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例;同时也显著增加酸解性氮及氨基酸态氮、酸解未知氮的含量.此外,土壤酸解性氮及其组分均与微生物生物量氮存在极显著的正相关关系,其中氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮对微生物生物量氮的影响最大.研究表明,有机无机肥配施是使稻田土壤氮素含量提高的重要措施,有机无机肥配施促进了土壤氮库的积累,即易矿化和较难矿化2部分氮库同时增加.     

海上船载油品急性生物毒性等级分级方法研究

采用油品水融合组分(WAF)-发光细菌法对WAF制备过程中的搅拌速度、搅拌时间、搅拌温度、静置时间等影响因素进行优化,确定最佳检测条件,并对19种海上船载油品的急性生物毒性进行毒性等级分级研究.研究结果表明,发光细菌法能够检测出不同油品的急性生物毒性,不但具有良好的区分性,而且具有操作便捷、试验成本低和试验周期短等优点...     

含氟氯类危险废物焚烧灰渣的熔融特性研究

为了解决低熔点含氟氯类危险废物（简称＂危废＂）在回转窑焚烧炉内燃烧时,灰渣熔化导致窑内结圈的问题,实验采用氧化物分析纯（SiO2、Al2O3、CaO、Fe2O3、Al2O3）和NaCl、KCl、NaF分析纯来模拟危废炉渣组分,研究了危废焚烧炉灰渣的熔融特性,并采用神经网络预测危废灰渣的熔融温度.结果表明,SiO2、Al...     

矿物质组分对低品质生物质热解过程的影响

通过酸洗脱除低品质生物质（鸡粪与猪粪）中的矿物质组分,并使用热重分析仪对酸洗前后样品的热解行为进行了研究.结果表明,由于两种农林废物的有机组成和矿物质含量不同,导致其热解行为差异较大.鸡粪中含有大量的CaCO3,其在高温下分解放出CO2,并与鸡粪半焦中的碳发生气化反应.酸洗不但改变了禽畜粪便中矿物质的含量,而且改变了该...