高原长大隧道尘肺病防治技术发展与应用研究

尘肺病防治是川藏铁路高原长大隧道施工的重大技术难点之一,新形势下防控技术需要向精细化、科技化方向发展。综合考虑技术经济性和可行性,以局部空间清洁为代表的卫生工程技术、以卫生信息化为支撑的施工健康保障技术、以识别监测为手段的卫生管理新方法,将为川藏铁路卫生保障提供技术支撑。     

Seasonal ontogenetic colour plasticity in the adult striated shieldbug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Graphosoma lineatum</Emphasis> (Heteroptera) and its effect on detectability

Camouflage and warning colouration are two important forms of protective colouration. We have studied the detectability of two seasonal colourations in the aposematic striated shieldbug, Graphosoma lineatum. The typical colouration of this insect is red and black, which is also the colouration of the reproductive post-hibernation bugs in our study area in south central Sweden. However, the majority of newly eclosed adults in late summer exhibit a ‘pale’ (light brownish, non-red) and black striation, and these bugs appear quite cryptic to the human eye when sitting on the dried stems and umbels of their host plants. In experiments using photographs of prey in the late-summer habitat shown on a computer screen, we compared the time to detection by human subjects of bugs, which had been manipulated to show either of the two typical seasonal colourations. Time to detection was significantly longer for the pale and black than for the red-and-black striation in images with the bug photographed at two different distances. This indicates that the pale pre-hibernation striation may have a cryptic function. In a separate experiment, we tested detectability of striated and non-striated manipulations of bug pre-hibernation colouration against the late-summer background, and found that time to detection was significantly longer for the striated bugs. We discuss potential functional explanations for the seasonal ontogenetic colour plasticity and suggest that the epidermal pale colour in the late summer provides a benefit of increased camouflage.     

“精密度偏性分析”是环境监测质量保证的重要手段

“精密度偏性分析”是环境监测质量保证的重要手段。通过它可以了解其方法的误差和检出限是否达到要求,同时也了解实验室和操作人员对该方法的适应性。     

非分散红外仪测定废水中石油类物质的探讨

探讨了用油份分析仪测定油含量时,对仪器原理的了解,遮光板的作用作用和不同萃取剂对仪器光学零点的影响。指出仪器在调整过程中出现的不正常现象与仪器的性能有关。在测定样品时,就采取正确的前处理方法,以减小测定误差。并对如何做好标样考核进行了初步讨论。     

放射性环境监测中探测限附近测量数据的处理

阐述了探测限的基本概念和对探测限附近的数据处理问题.提出探测限的作用是用来评价检测的能力,不宜用于常规计数及报告测量结果;判断限则用于对测量结果在统计上是否与本底有显著差别做出判断,也不宜用来报告测量结果.当样品净计数大于(或等于)判断限时,不管其是否小于探测限,都应当报出其测量值及标准差;当样品净计数小于判断限时,用小于限作为其上置信限报告测量结果;在对同类样品结果平均时,无论样品净计数小于判断限,或大于(或等于)判断限,都应当按其活度实测值(正、负或零)参加平均.     

气相色谱法测定城市自来水中有机氯农药的残留

水中有机氯农药经有机溶剂如环已烷的萃取浓缩后,由高纯氮气载入色谱柱进行分离,载有有机氯农药的氮气进入电子捕获检测器ECD后,其出峰顺序为①α-HCH②γ-HCH③β-HCH④δ-HCH⑤P,P-DDE⑥O,P-DDT⑦P,P-DDD⑧P,P-DDT。用该方法测试的结果表明,在去离子水中添加10ug/L级待测物时,各种待测物的回收率为9350%~9906%(3次平均值),相对标准偏差(RSD)为6%~18%(7次测定平均值)。最低检出量为005ug/L~033ug/L。文中阐述的方法改进了现有的GB5750-85方法中的萃取方法,取得了令人满意的结果。本文也给出了几种常见有机氯农药最小检出量,并在检测水源水的实际工作中得到应用。     

光电技术在大气氮氧化物检测中的应用

介绍了大气中氮氧化物的组成,综述了激光诱导荧光法、光纤传感法、激光雷达探测法和化学发光法测定大气中氮氧化物的原理和特点,指出光电技术已在大气氮氧化物检测中得到了广泛的应用,并具有良好的发展前景。     

Direct spectral analysis and determination of high content of carcinogenic bromine in bread using UV pulsed laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for the detection of carcinogenic elements like bromine in four representative brands of loaf bread samples and the measured bromine concentrations were 352, 157, 451, and 311 ppm, using Br I (827.2 nm) atomic transition line as the finger print atomic transition. Our LIBS system is equipped with a pulsed laser of wavelength 266 nm with energy 25 mJ pulse^?1, 8 ns pulse duration, 20 Hz repetition rate, and a gated ICCD camera. The LIBS system was calibrated with the standards of known concentrations in the sample (bread) matrix and such plot is linear in 20–500 ppm range. The capability of our system in terms of limit of detection and relative accuracy with respect to the standard inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) technique was evaluated and these values were 5.09 ppm and 0.01–0.05, respectively, which ensures the applicability of our system for Br trace level detection, and LIBS results are in excellent agreement with that of ICPMS results.     

生物大分子加合物的检测及其在环境风险性评价中应用

环境中化学物质对人体致癌的风险性评价对于预防人类疾病和控制环境污染具有非常重要的意义。而反映暴露水平与生物效应的生物标记物研究不仅是导向预防研究的核心内容，也是环境致癌物风险评价的重要手段。传统的有毒化学物监测方法在研究人群暴露和危险度评价时得到的仅为近似接触量，而对个体在吸收、代谢、排泄，生物利用上的差异不能提供任何信息，分子生物标记物可用于检测生物暴露于环境致癌物的剂量和效应，生物体的遗传性或诱发性的敏感性差异，以及由环境致癌物引发的各种疾病的早期诊断，不仅提供个体有效接触量，还能提供许多化学物质结构与毒性之间关系及毒物代谢动力学方面的信息。与其他手段相比，分子生物标志物作为指示污染物危害效应的生物信号，其检测是从以往测定环境中化学物的含量估计生物体的接触水平，发展到直接检测化学物与生物受体结合产物的一种方法。文章对分子生物标志物一生物大分子加合物(如DNA，RNA，蛋白质加合物等)的形成机理以及在环境风险评价中的应用进行了综述：介绍了几种生物大分子加合物的检测方法，并对各种方法的特点进行评述，讨论了目前分子生物标志物研究存在的问题，并展望了该领域的应用前景。