CITY OF TUCSON WASTE WATER EFFLUENT DELIVERY FACILITY1

ABSTRACT: The Tucson area is totally dependent on ground water, which is in increasingly short supply due to excessive overdrafts. Tucson area waste water treatment plants discharge material quantities of secondary effluent downstream, which is lost to evapotranspiration and recharge of the ground water basin. The city and the four large mining companies who share the common Santa Cruz basin ground water, recognized the common water supply problem and agreed to fund a feasibility study for mining process use of the effluent to partly alleviate the overdraft of ground water. The study analyzed the projected waste water effluent resources, potential mining company demand for waste water effluent and possible interface of an effluent delivery facility with the proposed Central Arizona Project. The effluent resources were analyzed with respect to potential demand. An optimum alignment was selected. An optimum system was detailed through design schematics, amortized cost and finance requirements, and an implementation schedule. It was concluded that a waste water effluent delivery facility could be implemented which would utilize reclaimed effluent in quantities approximating 35 percent of basin overdraft and which would provide revenue for full cost recovery over a 20 year operation period. The mining companies are studying the internal economic impacts of the project.     

Archaeological management design

Like many environmental sciences, archaeology has its origins in an academic discipline. But organizational models derived from scholarly research are not adequate for large scale archaeological salvage excavations that must be carried out by many archaeologists within a short time. A non-traditional organization model, developed to parallel the organization of project engineering, is more responsive and can be designed to preserve the most significant traditional archaeological objectives.     

Stream restoration and enhancement projects: is anyone monitoring?

Declines in salmon stocks and general watershed health in Washington State, USA, have led to an increase in stream restoration and enhancement projects initiated throughout the state. The increasing number of projects has also raised questions regarding the monitoring of these efforts. Project managers receiving hydraulic project approvals (HPAs) were surveyed to determine whether monitoring was taking place on their projects. About half the project managers surveyed reported the collection of baseline data and the use of biological, physical, chemical, or other water quality measures for their projects. Of those who reported collection of monitoring data, only 18% indicated that monitoring was required. Respondents were also asked to rank the importance of various project goals on a Likert scale. Project managers with projects focusing on “engineering” goals (e.g., roadbed stabilization) were less likely than other project managers to collect baseline monitoring data. Project managers with projects focusing on “restoration/ecological” or “fisheries” goals were more likely than other project managers to collect monitoring measures. Although monitoring appears to be taking place in slightly more than half of the projects surveyed, the nature of the data collected varies widely across projects, and in most cases the monitoring effort is voluntary. This suggests that project sponsors, funders, and managers must consider the issues involved in requiring appropriate monitoring, establishing standardized monitoring guidelines, the time frames in which to monitor, providing other incentives for conducting monitoring, and ensuring adequate funding for monitoring efforts.     

南水北调中线工程水源区蒸散发计算方法比较及影响因素分析

以南水北调中线工程水源区为研究区域，采用1961~2007年9个气象站点气象观测数据和黄家港水文站实测径流资料，以FAO彭曼蒙特斯公式和水文模拟法为标准分别对多种潜在蒸散发计算方法和实际蒸散发计算方法进行比较研究，并分析了陆面蒸散发的影响因素。研究表明：南水北调中线工程水源区存在“蒸发悖论”现象，Priestley Taylor公式计算结果偏大，但与FAO 彭曼蒙特斯公式存在良好的相关关系，在气象资料较少时可以考虑建立相关方程进行推求。傅抱璞公式与水文模拟法计算结果较为接近，相关关系最优。潜在蒸散发与平均温度、气温日较差、实际水汽压、降雨量、风速、净太阳辐射、日照时数呈正相关，而实际蒸散发与平均温度、气温日较差、实际水汽压、降雨量、净太阳辐射、日照时数呈正相关，与风速呈负相关。净太阳辐射是影响陆面蒸散发的核心因素     

基于最严格水资源管理制度的初始水权分配研究

实行最严格水资源管理制度是2011年中央一号文件明确要求的内容。在分析最严格水资源管理初始水权分配内涵的基础上,首次以水资源管理“三条红线”为准则,构建了包含目标层、准则层、指标层及方案层4个层次结构的初始水权分配指标体系,建立了最严格水资源管理初始水权分配的投影寻踪模型,并采用量子遗传算法优化投影指标函数,以模型计算出的最佳投影值作为初始水权分配的分水比例。最后,以南水北调东线一期工程为例,将本文所建立的模型用来分配该工程净增加供水量的初始调水量。结果表明:该指标体系和模型具有一定的可操作性及有效性。     

秦岭生态补偿理论研究与实践进展

生态补偿是通过经济手段促进生态保护与受益地区利益共享的制度设计,是促进我国生态文明建设的重要举措。秦岭是我国重点生态功能区,国家重要的生态安全屏障。生态补偿作为协调秦岭地区生态环境保护和社会经济发展的制度安排,有助于推动该区生态环境的保护与可持续利用,对实现秦岭地区社会经济可持续发展、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了秦岭生态补偿相关理论研究与实践,主要包括秦岭在区域调水、森林生态效益、生物多样性保护、矿产资源开发等方面的生态补偿研究,以及秦岭生态补偿相关政策法规制定、南水北调、退耕还林（草）以及生态移民搬迁等具体生态保护工程补偿实践,并从补偿对象、补偿标准、公众参与、补偿方式几个角度探讨了秦岭生态补偿存在的问题,提出了秦岭生态补偿研究的建议与对策。     

关于建设项目生态补偿的思考

作为一种解决环境保护与经济社会发展矛盾的重要经济手段,生态补偿越来越受到人们关注。建设项目生态补偿是生态补偿的一个重要领域,但相对于其他领域而言,理论和实践研究均相对较少。结合实际案例研究,文章初次提出了建设项目生态补偿概念、原则及应注意的问题。最后,建议加强两方面研究,建设项目生态补偿内涵和范畴确定;建设项目生态补偿方式及标准确定。     

南水北调中线工程总干渠河南段原水中消毒副产物前体物变化规律

以取自南水北调中线总干渠河南段沿线10个分水口门的原水为研究对象,探究了原水中有机物的相对分子质量分布和亲疏水性分布规律;并且研究了原水在氯化和氯胺化条件下消毒副产物生成潜能的变化规律.分离实验结果表明,南水北调沿程原水中的有机物以小分子和强疏水性为主,1×103区间的溶解性有机碳(DOC)所占的比例最大,质量分数约为57%,强疏水性组分的DOC含量最高,占到总量的50%左右;氯化及氯胺化消毒副产物生成潜能分析实验结果表明,氯化及氯胺化后主要生成了两种含碳消毒副产物(三氯甲烷和一溴二氯甲烷)和两种含氮消毒副产物(二氯乙腈和三氯硝基甲烷).氯化三氯甲烷生成潜能约为120μg·L-1,与氯化生成潜能相比,氯胺化三氯甲烷生成潜能减少了90%左右,一溴二氯甲烷减少了84.9%左右,生成的两种含氮消毒副产物增加了,其中二氯乙腈的生成量增加了约2.3倍,但总含氮消毒副产物生成潜能仍旧较低,均小于6μg·L-1.本研究成果可为南水北调中线工程河南段沿线城市的水厂工艺选择和优化提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

南水北调东线水质考核断面达标风险预警监控研究——以高邮市北澄子河三垛西大桥断面为示范断面

为确保南水北调东线输水干线江苏段水质达标,以高邮市北澄子河三垛西大桥断面为示范断面,通过对三垛西大桥断面水质及北澄子河沿程水质变化趋势进行分析,结合对污染来源的剖析,提出应设置风险预警监控断面,制定达标治理措施,加强对三垛西大桥断面水质的风险预警监控.     

项目核准备案与环评审批衔接存在问题及对策

投资体制改革后项目核准备案与环评审批衔接过程中存在诸多问题,拟从政策、法律、部门配合等层面提出对策和建议。