针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-二氯苯酚厌氧降解的影响

2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)常用于农药生产,在水体和土壤中广泛分布,具有难降解、高毒性的特点.通过模拟自然过程,在厌氧反应体系中投加铁氧化物和硫酸盐矿物,重点考察了不同矿物对2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果发现,厌氧体系中针铁矿、磁铁矿和石膏对2,4-DCP均没有明显的吸附作用;质量衡算结果表明所有反应体系中仅发生2,4-DCP向4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)的转化;与无外加碳源组相比,乙酸钠的加入使得2,4-DCP的还原脱氯反应速率增大一倍.分析表明针铁矿和磁铁矿加入可刺激脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而提高微生物的电子传递能力和2,4-DCP的降解速率;石膏加入强烈抑制脱氯功能菌的生长或活性,进而抑制2,4-DCP的降解.研究结果对认识难生化降解卤代酚在厌氧环境中的迁移转化及环境工程中此类物质的处理具有潜在意义.     

液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定地表水中17种硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物

建立了液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定地表水中17种硝基苯类和氯苯类化合物的方法.水中的硝基苯类和氯苯美化合物用乙酸乙酯/正己烷(2:1,体积比)混合溶剂提取,经DB-35ms色谱柱分离后用ECD检测.方法灵敏度高,萃取定容后即可进样分析,无需进行高倍浓缩,17种化合物分离良好,检测灵敏度高,水中检出限为0.03～0.08μg/L,比饮用水源地限值低1～4个数量级.本法在40.0～400 μg/L浓度范围内线性相关性良好,方法相对标准偏差为1.4％～5.2％,实际样品加标回收率为96.3％～106％.     

氯苯类化合物对草履虫的毒性研究

本文以草履虫为实验动物，对易挥发性有机物毒性进行了研究，研究结果表明：氯苯、对－二氯苯、１，２、３－三氯苯对草履虫的半致死深度（ＬＣ５０）分别为３０．３ｍｇ／ｌ，３３．９ｍｇ／ｌ和３５．９ｍｇ／ｌ。     

Responses of wheat seedlings to cadmium, mercury and trichlorobenzene stresses

The molecular response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Yangmai 10) seedlings to heavy metal (Cd,Hg) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) stresses were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,image analysis,and peptide mass fingerprinting.The results showed inhibitions of root and shoot growth by Cd,Hg and TCB.These stresses led to water deficit and lipid phosphorylation in the seedling which also promoted protein phophorylation in the leaves.Hg stress inhibited protein synthesis while Cd and TCB stresses induced or up-regulated more proteins in the leaves.Most of these induced proteins played important roles in the biochemical reactions involved in tolerance of wheat to Cd and TCB stresses.The primary functions of Cd- and TCB-induced proteins included methionine metabolism,Rubisco modification,protein phosphorylation regulation,protein configuration protection,H+ transmembrane transportation and also the synthesis of ethylene defense substances and cell wall compounds.     

微宇宙系统中氯苯的生物强化处理

将分离出的一株降解氯苯的高效土著菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus和自然材料组成微宇宙系统,通过改变系统组成、重金属和营养物添加水平、悬浮物浓度以及温度,研究了系统中氯苯的去除机制.结果表明,微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除主要是加入菌株的降解作用;加入降解菌后,8d内系统中氯苯的去除率可达到98.3%.底泥和光照对微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除具有明显的促进作用(p0.05).悬浮物在实验前期对氯苯的去除产生明显的促进作用.微宇宙系统中氯苯的去除率随着温度的升高而增加,30.0℃条件下培养7d后,氯苯的去除率可达95.4%;10.0℃和15.0℃下培养14d后,氯苯的去除率分别为43.4%和68.5%.营养盐加入比例达1.0%时,可明显促进氯苯的去除.Cd2+和Hg2+浓度达到10.0mg·L-1时,可对系统中氯苯的去除率产生显著(p0.05、p0.01)降低作用.研究结果可为突发性事故造成的氯苯污染水体的微生物修复提供基本的理论和实践依据.     

不同背景气体下非平衡等离子体去除NO实验

设计了一套高压电源和柱-筒反应器装置,在不同的背景气体下进行了介质阻挡放电脱硝的实验研究,主要探讨了放电电压、含氧量、停留时间和功率对NO去除率的影响.结果表明:不同背景气体下,放电电压在一定的范围内(氩气:5～7kV;氮气:9～11kV)对NO脱除率有较大影响;氧气的加入对不同背景气体下的脱硝率都有影响,对氩气背景下的NO去除率影响最大;停留时间的增加有利于NO的去除,当停留时间增加到某一个值(7s)后,NO的去除率变化逐渐平缓;达到相同的去除率,氩气背景下的功率远远小于氮气背景,功率的增加有利于NO的去除;合理选择背景气体有利于NO去除率的提高和能耗的降低.     

1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物中的解吸动力学

采用批量实验,研究了沉积物有机质特性、溶质负载量和温度对1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上解吸动力学的影响.用4参数2室一级动力学模型描述了1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上的解吸过程.结果表明,在本研究中的每个解吸体系,1,2,4,5-四氯苯慢解吸速率常数k_s要比快解吸速率常数k_r低2个数量级以上,说明慢解吸是整个解吸过程中的速控步骤;1,2,4,5-四氯苯在不同沉积物上的k_s范围为1.19×10^-3～2.88×10^-3 h^-1,解吸过程显著受沉积物NOM特性的影响,沉积物NOM的聚合度越高,1,2,4,5-四氯苯的解吸速度和程度越低;随着在沉积物中的初始负载量由13.3 μg·g^-1增加至25.3 μg·g^-1,1,2,4,5-四氯苯的k_s由1.26×10^-3 h^-1增加至2.52×10^-3 h^-1;1,2,4,5-四氯苯在沉积物上的解吸速度随着温度的升高而显著加快,慢解吸活化能E_a在9.45～21.43 　kJ·mol^-1之间,这为沉积物中污染物生物降解的可行性提供了科学依据.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida LY1）共代谢降解苯酚和4-氯苯酚系统的降解动力学研究

对恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida LY1）共代谢降解苯酚和4-氯苯酚（4-CP）系统进行了降解实验和动力学研究.结果表明,恶臭假单胞菌可以有效地降解苯酚,苯酚浓度为50mg·L-1时细菌生长速度最快,4-氯苯酚浓度的增加会对细菌产生一定的抑制作用.同时,用改进的Haldane方程模拟恶臭假单胞菌LY...     

氯苯对斑马鱼胚胎发育和仔鱼的毒性效应研究

选取健康的雌雄斑马鱼按1:1或1:2的比例进行交配产卵。采用静态法,以丙酮为助溶剂,分别用不同浓度的CB进行斑马鱼受精卵和刚平衡游动仔鱼的暴露试验,记录胚胎孵化数和胚胎、仔鱼畸形数以及仔鱼死亡数。不同浓度的CB可导致斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低及孵出的仔鱼畸形率增加,且毒性呈现剂量-效应关系。当CB浓度高于0.88μg/L时,斑马鱼胚胎及其孵出的仔鱼畸形率开始增加;当CB为108.9μg/L时,暴露24 h的胚胎出现全致畸效应。能平衡游动的斑马仔鱼对CB的毒性也很敏感,24 h、72 h和96 h的LC50值分别为95.35、80.51和62.28μg/L;110.0μg/L CB使处理24 h的仔鱼全部死亡。较低浓度的CB就使斑马鱼胚胎发育畸形;其对仔鱼的毒性也很显著,达到一定浓度可使其死亡。