Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

Organic matter extracted from activated sludge with ammonium hydroxide and its characterization

In order to characterize the organic properties of waste activated sludge in a wastewater treatment plant,organic matter within sludge was extracted with NH 3 ·H 2 O preferentially,and subsequently fractionated into five fractions using XAD-8/XAD-4 resins.Up to a 63.8%-71.1% of organic matter within the sludge could be efficiently extracted by NH 3 ·H 2 O.Fractionation results showed that hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fraction were two main components among the sludge organic matter (accounting for 32.2% and 48.0% of the bulk organic matter,respectively),whereas transphilic acid,hydrophobic neutral and transphilic neutral were quite low (accounting for 9.2%,5.8% and 4.8%,respectively).Despite that the extractant of NH 3 ·H 2 O showed a relatively higher extraction efficiency of the aromatic components,the relatively low aromaticity of the organic fractions implied that those non-aromatic components could also be effectively extracted,especially for neutral and hydrophilic fractions.In addition,acidic fractions contained more aromatic humic-like components,whereas the neutral fractions had a greater content of aromatic proteins and soluble microbial byproduct-like components.Extraction of sludge organics with NH 3 ·H 2 O and subsequential fractionation using XAD resins could be a novel method for further characterization of sludge organics.     

2种有机污染物对鲈鱼生化标志物系统的影响及作用评价

实验生态条件下筛选了鲈鱼的一组生化标志物组成生化标志物系统,研究其对不同有机污染胁迫的响应差异.将鲈鱼分别暴露于2种有机污染物:0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和2μg/L、20μg/L的苯并[a]芘(B[a]P),研究长时间(18 d)、亚致死污染胁迫下鲈鱼生化标志物系统各组分:肝脏组织抗氧化酶中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Gpx)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽硫转酶(GST)以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和脑组织中乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)活性的变化,同期检测了热激蛋白70(Hsp70)表达的变化,并对所得到的结果进行了主成分分析(PCA).结果表明,①与未受胁迫的对照组相比,B[a]P胁迫能够显著诱导鲈鱼体内的SOD、GST、Gpx活性以及GSH含量的变化(p0.05),但对其它几种酶的活性影响并不明显;SDBS胁迫对CAT、Gpx、iNOS和AChE活性的诱导作用明显,但对SOD、GST和GSH的影响较小.Gpx是对2种污染物胁迫响应最灵敏的一种生化标志物.②同时测定了不同胁迫条件下鲈鱼血细胞Hsp70表达的影响,结果发现其在SDBS胁迫组中的表达始终高于对照组,而B[a]P在胁迫前期能诱导Hsp70表达升高,以后逐渐下降至对照水平.③鲈鱼的生化标志物系统的不同组分对不同种类的污染胁迫响应有明显差异,对结果进行主成分分析(PCA)后发现,基于PCA和生化标志物系统的研究方法能有效区分不同污染因子的作用,可能在海洋环境污染的早期、预警性评价中具有良好的应用前景.     

建设低碳城市的必由之路

当前,我国多个城市都对建立低碳经济示范区或低碳城市非常热衷,已经掀起了建设低碳城市的浪潮,这是因为“低碳城市”这张名片将会为城市发展带来许多机遇。首先,发展低碳经济与国家正在开展的建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会在本质上是一致的,是贯彻和落实科学发展观的具体体现;其次,发展低碳经济,通过与节能减排和生态城市建设相结合,促进和协调各地的优先发展领域,强化当地的可持续发展;同时,发展低碳经济可以创造国际合作的机会：目前在中欧战略合作框架下,能源与气候变化问题是合作重点,     

富勒烯制备的研究进展

富勒烯作为一种新型碳材料,应用日益广泛,而富勒烯的制备技术是深入研究富勒烯性质和应用的基础。本文总结了国内外的学者发现的富勒烯的制备方法,并分析对比了这些方法存在的优缺点,以期对未来富勒烯的制备和应用起到指导性的作用。     

竹炭对微污染水中有机污染物的吸附

测定了竹炭对微污染水源水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的去除效果,研究了竹炭粒径、竹炭用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值对竹炭吸附特性的影响,并由正交试验确定出竹炭去除水中CODMn,UV254,UV410的最佳吸附条件。研究表明,粒径越小,竹炭的吸附效果越好;竹炭用量为100mg、吸附时间为1h时,竹炭对各指标去除率最高;弱酸条件对竹炭对各指标的吸附最有利,当pH值=4时竹炭对各指标的去除率最大;正交试验确定出动态吸附最佳操作条件为：竹炭粒径为100～200目,质量为100mg,振荡吸附1h,原水pH值为4。     

滇池湖滨蔬菜种植区土壤污染物生态风险评价

选取典型滇池湖滨蔬菜种植区——昆明福保村为研究对象,进行土壤污染物生态风险分析,结合污染物空间分布规律研究,解析污染物来源。结果表明,土壤多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）、有机氯（Organic Chlorine Pesticides,OCPs）、酞酸酯（Phthalic Acid Esters,PAEs）类污染物残留水平较低,但重金属含量相对较高,存在一定生态风险;区域内的印刷厂、造纸厂、彩印厂是土壤污染物的主要来源;滇池湖滨蔬菜种植区土壤环境质量尚为清洁,能够保障蔬菜产品品质安全。     

废铜提炼回收贵重金属加工生产中“三废”综合利用及治理

以废铜为原料冶炼贵重金属是资源综合回收利用的有效途径之一,通过对典型废铜冶炼加工企业污染因子产生及排放分析,进行综合回收利用和有效治理,旨在回收贵重金属的同时,减少二次污染,＂三废＂达标排放,在发展铜加工产业基础上实现铜资源循环利用,达到污染减排的目的。     

青岛近海夏冬季颗粒有机碳的分布特征

于2006年夏季(8月)和2006年冬季(12月)对青岛近海的悬浮体(TSM)、颗粒有机碳(POC)进行采样并测定。结果表明,青岛近海夏季POC的质量浓度范围为0.15~1.04 mg/L,平均值为0.31 mg/L,冬季POC的质量浓度范围为0.089~0.88 mg/L,平均值为0.27 mg/L。夏季高于冬季,但变化不大。青岛近海夏季POC质量浓度的平面分布具有东北部海域高,西南部海域低的分布趋势,其平面分布与叶绿素a的平面分布基本相似,夏季POC由生物活动控制。冬季POC质量浓度的平面分布呈现近岸高,远岸低,等值线基本与海岸线平行的分布特征,其平面分布与TSM的平面分布相似,冬季POC由TSM控制。夏季和冬季,浮游植物对POC的贡献分别为26.9%和4.10%,青岛近海以碎屑有机碳为主。POC的周日变化明显,夏季由生物活动控制,冬季由潮汐控制。