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51.
TiO2 nanomaterial is promising with its high potential and outstanding performance in photocatalytic environmental applications, such as CO2 conversion, water treatment, and air quality control. For many of these applications, the particle size, crystal structure and phase, porosity, and surface area influence the activity of TiO2 dramatically. TiO2 nanomaterials with special structures and morphologies, such as nanospheres, nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, and nanoflowers are thus synthesized due to their desired characteristics. With an emphasis on the different morphologies of TiO2 and the influence factors in the synthesis, this review summarizes fourteen TiO2 preparation methods, such as the sol-gel method, solvothermal method, and reverse micelle method. The TiO2 formation mechanisms, the advantages and disadvantages of the preparation methods, and the photocatalytic environmental application examples are proposed as well. 相似文献
52.
Arsenic in the environment is attracting increasing attention due to its chronic health effects. Although arsenite(As(III)) is generally more mobile and more toxic than arsenate(As(V)), reducing As(V) to As(III) may still be a means for decontamination, because As(III) can be removed from solution by precipitation with sulfide or by adsorption or complexation with other metal sulfides. The performance of As(V) bio-reduction under autohydrogenotrophic conditions was investigated with batch experiments. The results showed that As(V) reduction was a biochemical process while both acclimated sludge and hydrogen were essential. Most of the reduced arsenic remained in a soluble form, although 20% was removed with no addition of sulfate, while 82% was removed when sulfate was reduced to sulfide. The results demonstrated that the reduced arsenic was re-sequestered in the precipitates, probably as arsenic sulfides. Kinetic analysis showed that pseudo first-order kinetics described the bio-reduction process better than pseudo second-order. In particular, the influences of pH and temperature on As(V) reduction by acclimated sludge under autohydrogenotrophic conditions and total soluble As removal were examined. The reduction process was highly sensitive to both pH and temperature, with the optimum ranges of pH 6.5–7.0 and 30–40°C respectively. Furthermore, Arrhenius modeling results for the temperature effect indicated that the As(V) reduction trend was systematic. Total soluble As removal was consistent with the trend of As(V) reduction. 相似文献
53.
Qiushi Shen Qilin Zhou Jingge Shang Shiguang Shao Lei Zhang Chengxin Fan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(2):281-288
Organic matter-induced black blooms(hypoxia and an offensive odor) are a serious ecosystem disasters that have occurred in some large eutrophic shallow lakes in China. In this study, we investigated two separate black blooms that were induced by Potamogeton crispus in Lake Taihu, China. The main physical and chemical characteristics, including color- and odor-related substances, of the black blooms were analyzed. The black blooms were characterized by low dissolved oxygen concentration(close to 0 mg/L), low oxidation-reduction potential, and relatively low pH of overlying water. Notably higher Fe2+and∑S2-were found in the black-bloom waters than in waters not affected by black blooms. The black color of the water may be attributable to the high concentration of these elements, as black FeS was considered to be the main substance causing the black color of blooms in freshwater lakes. Volatile organic sulfur compounds, including dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, were very abundant in the black-bloom waters. The massive anoxic degradation of dead Potamogeton crispus plants released dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide, which were the main odor-causing compounds in the black blooms. The black blooms also induced an increase in ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus levels in the overlying waters. This extreme phenomenon not only heavily influenced the original lake ecosystem but also greatly changed the cycling of Fe, S, and nutrients in the water column. 相似文献
54.
餐厨及厨余垃圾是有机垃圾的一种,餐厨垃圾是指餐饮服务单位在食品加工、饮食服务、单位供餐活动中产生的食物残渣、残液和废弃油脂等废弃物。厨余垃圾是指,家庭中产生的易腐食物垃圾,主要包括剩菜、剩饭、菜帮菜叶、瓜果皮核废弃食物等。餐厨及厨余垃圾含有大量的有机质,如果将它们能就地处理变成有机肥,既可省下用作填埋场的土地,还能节约运输它们的车辆和能源,防止滋生蚊蝇和细菌。不仅保护了环境,还滋养了土地。 相似文献
55.
2012年2-9月间在德州市城区及郊区布置6个采样点位,分别采集了采暖季(2012年2月28日-3月4日)、风沙季(2012年5月3日-8日)、非采暖季(2012年9月20日-9月25日)共216个PM2.5样品膜,采用美国Sunset Laboratory Inc热光反射法碳谱分析仪测定了PM2.5样品中OC、EC的浓度值,应用OC/EC比值法对SOC进行了估算。结果表明,德州市PM2.5污染较严重,年平均浓度为159.68μg/m3,各点位浓度的空间分布无明显差异,季节变化趋势为:采暖季>风沙季>非采暖季。PM2.5中OC和EC的平均浓度分别为16.80μg/m3、3.65μg/m3;OC和EC的日均浓度分别占PM2.5的9.61%和2.10%,OC是PM2.5的重要组成部分;OC、EC浓度的季节变化趋势与PM2.5浓度特征相同。年平均浓度为3.91μg/m3;SOC在OC和PM2.5中所占的比例分别为22.30%和2.54%,SOC对OC具有较大的贡献;SOC在OC中所占的比值季节变化趋势为风沙季>非采暖季>采暖季。 相似文献
56.
57.
研究三聚磷酸二氢铝对氨、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺、正丁胺等气体的静态吸附过程动力学特性。比较了三聚磷酸二氢铝、活性炭对碱性气体的吸附性能与规律,通过滴定实验和红外测定推测其吸附机理。结果表明:活性炭对碱性气体的吸附存在脱附,尽管吸附速率较快但吸附量较小,对氨气、甲胺、二甲胺、三甲胺和正丁胺的吸附量分别是73.12、76.37、79.24、83.11、70.91 mg/g。三聚磷酸二氢铝对碱性气体的吸附是一个化学吸附过程,吸附速率快且吸附量大,吸附量分别是431.7、790.1、889.2、912.4、635.3 mg/g,其吸附过程符合Elovich方程,是一个由吸附速率和扩散因子综合控制的过程。 相似文献
58.
59.
1990年以来长江三角洲耕地资源变化及驱动因子研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
长江三角洲地区是中国经济发展最为快速的地区之一,虽耕地资源秉赋较好,但在经济快速发展的背景下,耕地问题显得十分严峻。以长江三角洲地区16个地级市为研究对象,利用1990~2012年相关数据,以市域为单元分析了耕地资源变化和实际利用强度的时空演变过程。结果表明:(1)1990~2012年,长三角地区的耕地总面积和人均耕地面积呈现周期性的下降趋势,以"快-慢-快-慢-慢"的循环模式逐步降低;(2)长三角地区耕地实际利用强度大体呈现"北强南弱"分布规律,在空间表现上,原来集中连片的 "高-高"、"低-低"格局正逐渐破碎化,开始出现斑点镶嵌式格局;(3)长三角地区的人口、二三产业比重和城市化水平均对耕地面积变化起到显著作用,其弹性系数分别为-0.216、-0.194和-0.203,而人均GDP与耕地面积则没有显著相关性。 相似文献
60.
废旧线路板中主要有价金属的生物反应器浸出研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为探讨可供实际生物浸出应用的反应器规模废旧线路板中有价金属浸出特性和工艺条件,通过设计序批式生物浸出反应器,采用分离到的氧化亚铁硫杆菌Z1作为菌种资源,在考察废旧线路板中有价金属的浸出特性的基础上,确定了反应器运行的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,反应器运行的最佳工艺条件为曝气量1L/min、停留时间30h、搅拌速率300r/min以及粉末投加量12g/L.在此条件下,经过101h可以浸出90.24%的铜.同时,经197h的浸出,可以溶出93.06%的镁、92.00%的锌、85.59%的铝和64.51%的镍.因此,生物浸出反应器能有效回收废旧线路板中的有价金属,为该技术的实际应用提供了实验证据. 相似文献