跨国工程项目安全绩效与安全文化关系模型研究

为探讨跨国工程项目的安全文化构成及其影响绩效的机制,以巴基斯坦工程项目为调查对象,基于扎根理论提出包含管理层观念文化、作业层观念文化、制度文化、物质文化、安全行为及安全结果等6个结构变量的12个假设。运用AMOS软件,构建并验证了国外项目安全文化影响安全绩效的结构方程模型(SEM)。结果显示,管理层观念文化是影响安全绩效的最重要因素,安全制度文化也是相对重要的因素,而受到宗教文化影响的作业层观念文化则是改善安全绩效的难点。最后提出有利于我国跨国施工企业安全文化建设的建议。     

基于SEM-MC的地铁车站深基坑施工危险性测度研究*

为提高地铁车站深基坑施工危险性测度的准确性,考虑多风险因素耦合作用和危险性测度主观性对传统风险评测结果的影响,提出基于结构方程（SEM）与蒙特卡洛模拟（MC）相结合的地铁车站深基坑施工危险性测度方法。首先,从基坑支护、基坑开挖、降水排水以及周边环境4个维度建立危险性测度指标体系,利用SEM确定指标权重,并确定关键因素;然后,根据指标的数据分布特征,利用MC法模拟出潜变量值并与风险损失程度、指标权重相结合得出危险度;最后,将该危险性测度方法运用于南昌地铁双港站。研究结果表明:该地铁车站深基坑风险等级为4级,基坑开挖为该地铁车站深基坑施工主要风险影响因素,其直接影响因素为开挖技术参数设置。项目实施结果表明该方法对地铁车站深基坑施工危险性评测适用可信。     

正念对应急疏散行为:风险感知和自我效能的中介作用*

为明确正念对应急疏散行为的影响机制,提高应急疏散效率,构建包含应急正念、风险感知、自我效能、掩蔽效应和应急疏散行为的概念模型,基于调查问卷结果,利用结构方程模型进行实证研究。研究结果表明:正念、风险感知和自我效能对应急疏散行为存在正向影响,正念通过风险感知和自我效能对应急疏散行为产生部分中介效应;掩蔽效应在自我效能影响应急疏散行为过程中具有显著调节作用;正念通过风险感知能力提高自我效能,进一步对应急疏散行为产生影响。研究结果可为缓解突发事件带来的不良情绪及压力,增强个体自信程度及风险感知能力,提高应急疏散效率提供参考和借鉴。     

铜导线短路熔痕微观形貌特征分析与研究

采用模拟实验的方法制备了铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕,利用KYKY-2800B型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对铜导线一次短路熔痕和二次短路熔痕的微观形貌进行了观察,并对内部气孔的数量、大小、分布等进行了统计分析,发现了一次短路气孔的数量、分布与二次短路之间的差别与长期采用的鉴定依据不同.     

MBR复合工艺膜污染及其清洗特征

采用“A＋（A／O）n＋MBR”复合工艺，在次临界通量条件下，考察了膜污染发展及清洗特性。试验发现，膜污染随运行时间的变化呈现出阶段性上升的特征，即经过初期缓慢发展和中期较快发展后，出现了膜污染的急剧增加。电镜及能谱分析表明，膜面污染物主要包括沉积于膜面的大量污泥絮体、附着于膜面的致密凝胶层和一些由Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子形成的堵塞和吸附于膜孔的无机垢粒。膜清洗及阻力表明，自来水冲洗可使泥饼层大部分脱落，泥饼层对膜污染阻力贡献最大，达到60.71％；NaClO清洗对凝胶层的去除效果显著，有机污染对膜污染阻力为31.44％；HCl清洗去除的无机垢粒对膜污染贡献率仅为7.85％。     

Behavior and analysis of Cesium adsorption on montmorillonite mineral

The adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite and the effects of experimental conditions on adsorption were investigated by using ¹³⁴Cs as a radioactive tracer. Additionally, the Cs-adsorbed and the modified montmorillonite were analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer System (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite was efficient in the initial concentration (C₀) of 30 μg/L Cs nitrate solution with 20 g/L montmorillonite at room temperature. In this condition, more than 98% Cs⁺ ions could be adsorbed at pH 8. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 5 min and the relationship between the concentration of Cs⁺ in aqueous solutions and adsorption capacities of Cs⁺ can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption rate would decrease when temperature increase from 0 °C to 50 °C or in presence of coexistent K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, while modification by (NH₄)₂SO₄, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ or 450 °C could improve the adsorption abilities of montmorillonite for Cs⁺. However, more than 89% of adsorbed Cs⁺ on montmorillonite could be desorbed by 2 mol/L HNO₃ solutions. The XRD and SEM analysis further showed that the structure of the Cs-adsorbed or modified montmorillonite were different from that of the original one.     

城乡融合导向下乡村发展动力机制

乡村振兴关键是要运用城乡互动关系的变化,加强城乡合作实现乡村发展,亟需对城乡融合导向下的乡村发展动力机制进行研究。运用概念性框架法与结构方程模型构建城乡融合导向下乡村发展的动力机制与路径,并以徐州市2018年120个乡镇为样本进行验证。结果表明：城乡同质融合是乡村发展的外部动力,城乡互补融合是乡村发展的内在动力;外部动力包括城乡基础设施融合与公共服务融合两方面,其间接作用于乡村发展的效应大小分别为0.1558与0.6836;内部动力包括乡村吸引力与要素集聚两方面,其直接作用于乡村发展的效应分别为0.702与0.3356;外部动力主要靠政府投资推进城乡基础设施融合与公共服务融合来实现,内部动力则要靠乡村规划来塑造。本文对地方政府在操作层面开展乡村振兴工作有重要参考价值。     

西南涌酸挥发硫化物浓度水平及影响因素研究

为了找出影响河道沉积物酸挥发硫化物(AVS)空间分布的主导因素,在珠江三角洲典型感潮河道佛山西南涌的10个站位中采集了沉积物及上覆水样品,测定了其理化性状及微生物指标,重点探讨了氧化还原电位(Eh)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、有机碳(OC)、总硫化物(TS)对AVS空间分布的影响,并评价了该区域重金属生物毒性.结果表明:所测样品AVS范围0.207～41.453μmol.g-1,均值6.684μmol.g-1,与其他研究结果相比较高;就AVS值而言,50%的站位沉积物表层>下层,表层沉积物变异系数为93.61%,下层达153.09%,均属高度变异;各因素对AVS空间分布影响排序为:TS>OC>Eh>SRB;以Σ(SEM5-AVS)值判断,60%的采样站位具潜在生态风险;采用Σ(SEM5-AVS[)]/fOC判据,则全部站位均不具有不可接受的潜在生态风险.从单种重金属来看,Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb均有产生毒性效应的风险.研究结果为深入探讨AVS的形成机制提供了资料,为河流重金属污染生态风险评价及污染治理提供了参考.     

光照对高强度低合金钢大气腐蚀的影响研究

目的针对高湿热高光照地带的金属材料腐蚀严重问题,研究高强度低合金钢在模拟海洋大气环境下的光照对腐蚀的影响规律。方法采用电化学及光电化学方法分析腐蚀产物的光电效应。结果光照降低了高强度低合金钢阻抗,加速了高强度低合金钢大气腐蚀速率。结论高强度低合金钢在光照下的腐蚀产物具有半导体性质,其光生电子和光生空穴参与了高强度低合金钢基体的电化学反应过程。     

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Humic Substances Produced During Cellulose Decomposition

Humic substances (HS) produced during the aerobic decomposition of polysaccharides still need to be recognized as such and characterized. Humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids extracted at different time intervals during composting of cotton residues from carding, where no decomposition of lignin occurred, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) size exclusion chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. Throughout the experiment, fulvic acids possessed a larger number of carboxyl groups but a lower number of weak acidic groups (negatively charged acid groups at pH 11) than humic acids. the number of carboxyl groups increased with time in both fulvic and humic acids, while that of phenolic groups decreased. Infrared spectra showed that the ratio between carboxyl and methyl groups decreased from 8.5 to 4 in FA after 18 days. This change corresponded with the disappearance of flat sheet structures observed by SEM at pH 6. Our results suggest that the shape of humic molecules as observed by SEM reflects the strength of hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions with the solvent molecules. About 80% of FA molecules had a molecular weight lower than 3500 as deduced from column calibration with HS standards obtained by ultrafiltration. About 40% of humic acids were composed of small molecules; only 20% HA had a molecular weight larger than 45000. Polysaccharide-derived HS may not be limited to the high molecular weight poorly transformed fraction containing bonded polysaccharide structures, but may also consist of low molecular weight components with no structural similarity to the original material.