太原市降水化学特征及来源分析

本研究采集了2012年3—11月间35场太原降水样品,探讨了pH值、电导率和水溶性化学组成特征。结果表明,降水pH加权平均值为5.27;电导率平均值为98.8μS/cm,表明大气污染显著;SO2-4(471.8μeq/L)、NO-3(93.6μeq/L)、Ca2+(477.4μeq/L)和NH+4(133.4μeq/L)是太原降水的主导离子,4种离子占总离子浓度的85%。SO2-4/NO-3当量浓度比为4.38,比太原市1986年的比值(19.02)下降了77%。太原降水的酸性仍以SO2-4主导,但NO-3比例大幅上升。降水离子相关性分析和气团后向轨迹表明太原市大气污染物主要来自自身排污企业(热电厂、钢铁厂等)污染物的扩散以及省内焦化企业污染物的输送等小尺度区域内。太原市硫的湿沉降量为1.93 t/(km2·a);氮湿沉降量为1.54 t/(km2·a),其中铵态氮和硝态氮分别为1.28 t/(km2·a)和0.26 t/(km2·a);钙为5.87 t/(km2·a)。     

用含硫化砷废渣制备砷酸铜

以湖北省某化工企业含砷废水处理过程中产生的含硫化砷废渣为研究对象，采用氧化碱浸—沉淀工艺制备砷酸铜。考察了沉淀反应液pH、沉淀反应温度、搅拌转速对砷沉淀效果的影响。采用XRD和SEM技术对砷酸铜的物相及形貌进行了表征。实验结果表明：废渣在氧化碱浸过程的砷浸出率为96.53%；沉淀反应时间为30 min时，沉淀步骤的最佳工艺条件为沉淀反应液pH 5.0、搅拌转速500 r/min、沉淀反应温度50 ℃。验证实验结果表明，在该工艺条件下，砷沉淀率均达93.96%以上。SEM表征结果显示，砷酸铜产品为颗粒状，粒径约为500 nm。XRD表征结果显示，砷酸铜产品中主要含有Cu₃As₂O₈，Cu₄O（AsO₄）₂，Cu₄（As₂O₇）O₂。该方法工艺简单、无二次污染，为废渣的综合利用提供了一种新的技术路线。     

FeCl3蚀刻液膜电解阴极液中Ni2+的萃取回收

采用自制的SSX萃取剂对FeCl₃蚀刻液膜电解阴极液（简称废液）中的Ni²⁺进行萃取回收。考察了萃取pH、SSX萃取剂含量、萃取相比（SSX萃取剂与废液的体积比）、萃取时间、萃取次数对Ni²⁺萃取率的影响，以及反萃剂HCl溶液浓度、反萃相比（反萃剂与萃取液的体积比）、反萃时间对Ni²⁺反萃率的影响。实验结果表明： 当SSX萃取剂质量分数20%、萃取pH 2.0、萃取相比1.0、萃取时间10 min、1次萃取时，Ni²⁺萃取率可达74.56%；当反萃剂HCl溶液浓度6.0 mol/L、反萃相比1.5、反萃时间10 min时，Ni²⁺反萃率达93.10%；再生后的SSX萃取剂重复使用4次后，Ni²⁺的累积萃取率达91.00%，萃取剂中Ni²⁺的质量浓度可达14.94 g/L；反萃液经浓缩、结晶处理可制备电镀用NiCl₂产品。     

Preparation and characterization of a novel microorganism embedding material for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification

A novel microorganism embedding material was prepared to enhance the biological nitrogen removal through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA) and cyclodextrin (CD) were used to compose gel bead with embedded activated sludge. The effects of temperature, CD addition and concentrations of PVA and SA on nitrogen removal were evaluated. Results show that the gel bead with CD addition at 30°C contributed to the highest nitrogen removal efficiency and nitrogen removal rate of 85.4% and 2.08 mgL·(L·h)^–1, respectively. Meanwhile, negligible NO₃ ^– and NO₂ ^– were observed, proving the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The High-Throughput Sequencing confirms that the microbial community mainly contained Comamonadaceae in the proportion of 61.3%. Overall, CD increased gel bead’s porosity and resulted in the high specific endogenous respiration rate and high nitrogen removal efficiency, which is a favorable additional agent to the traditional embedding material.

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油库火灾事故环境影响分析

针对火灾事故发生时产生的有毒烟气对周围环境的影响进行了预测分析,对事故处理过程中的伴生/次生污染和可能发生事故连锁效应的情况进行了分析评价。     

Optimization of the T3-induced Xenopus metamorphosis assay for detecting thyroid hormone signaling disruption of chemicals

T3-induced Xenopus metamorphosis is an ideal model for detecting thyroid hormone(TH)signaling disruption of chemicals. To optimize the T3-induced Xenopus assay and improve its sensitivity and reproducibility, we intend to develop quantitatively morphological endpoints and choose appropriate concentrations and exposure durations for T3 induction.Xenopus laevis at stage 52 were exposed to series of concentrations of T3(0.31–2.5 nmol/L)for 6 days. By comparing morphological changes induced by T3, we propose head area,mouth width, unilateral brain width/brain length, and hindlimb length/snout-vent length as quantitative parameters for characterizing T3-induced morphological changes, with body weight as a parameter for indicating integrated changes. By analyzing time-response curves, we found that following 4-day exposure, T3-induced grossly morphological changes displayed linear concentration–response curves, with moderate morphological changes resulting from 1.25 nmol/L T3 exposure. When using grossly morphological endpoints to detect TH signaling disruption, we propose 4 days as exposure duration of T3, with concentrations close to 1.25 nmol/L as induction concentrations. However, it is appropriate to examine morphological and molecular changes of the intestine on day 2 due to their early response to T3. The quantitative endpoints and T3 induction concentrations and durations we determined would improve the sensitivity and the reproducibility of the T3-induced Xenopus metamorphosis assay.     

南太湖地区湖州市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的研究——污染现状和人体暴露健康风险评价

运用智能综合大气采样仪采集了南太湖地区湖州市大气PM 10和PM 2.5样品,采用高效液相色谱检测了该样品中16种多环芳烃化合物,通过苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌等效浓度、人群终身超额致癌风险和预期寿命损失等指标,评价湖州市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的人群健康风险。结果表明:全市大气PM 2.5中多环芳烃全年总平均浓度为11.59 ng/m 3,季平均浓度范围在4.775~23.98 ng/m3之间,季节之间呈现一定的变化,冬季秋季春季夏季;全市大气PM 2.5中多环芳烃的苯并(a)芘总致癌等效浓度(TEQ)年均值为1.138 ng/m3,污染所致的成人和儿童的终身超额致癌风险分别为8.7×10-6和6.0×10-6,成人的预期寿命损失为44.5 min。     

AFB的活性污泥中发酵细菌的分离及其初步鉴定

从处理啤酒废水的厌氧流化床的活性污泥中分离纯化到了发酵细菌，并对其培养条件进行了研究，实验表明，该发酵细菌最佳培养温度为37～42℃，最佳培养时间为28 d，同时对其进行了生理生化和形态鉴定。将该发酵细菌反加到AFB反应器中，能有效降低反应器的启动时间，能提高反应器处理啤酒废水的处理效率约8%。     

木质素磺酸盐在微生物燃料电池中的降解及产电性能研究

以厌氧活性污泥为接种体构建铁氰化钾阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC)，对木质素磺酸盐的降解及产电效果进行了研究。结果表明，经过6个周期逐渐添加木质素磺酸盐的驯化后，以木质素磺酸盐为单一底物的MFC成功运行，最大功率密度为120.3 mW/m2。经过94 h的运行，阳极液COD和木质素磺酸盐去除率分别达到39.8％和49.3％...