THE EFFECTS OF DIPOTASSIUM ENDOTHALL ON THE ZOOPLANKTON AND WATER QUALITY OF A SMALL POND1

ABSTRACT: Zooplankton samples and dissolved oxygen-temperature readings and water samples were taken from a treatment and control pond on 41 and 42 separate occasions, respectively, both before and after the application of 5.0 mg/l (a.i.) dipotassium endothall to the 0.31 ha treatment pond on May 31, 1973. Seasonal fluctuations in the density of Cladocera and Copepoda coincided quite closely in both ponds and were similar to the fluctuations reported in the literature to be typical of temperate region ponds and lakes. An apparent seasonal shift in generic composition from .Daphnia spp. in May to Ceriodaphnia spp. in June to Chydorus spp. from July/early September occurred in both ponds and is thought to be at least partially due to fish predation. No apparent changes in species composition or generic densities of Cladocerans was noted in the treatment pond that did not also occur in the control pond. There were no noticeable effects of the dipotassium endothall on either the Calanoida or Cyclopoida suborders of Copepoda. A later pulse of Ostracoda in the treatment pond, when compared to the control, may have been due to the dipotassium endothall or to a combination of the effects of the herbicide on the macrophytes and the method of sampling. A decrease in dissolved oxygen below saturation, occurring in the treated pond from 3–21 days after treatment, was attributed to an increase in biological oxygen demand associated with weed-kill. There was no noticeable increase in plant nutrients (N and P) in the treated pond following herbicide application, nor were there any apparent changes in the other chemical parameters studied.     

Effects of Clear-Cutting and Plant Competition Control Methods on Carabid (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblages in Northwestern Ontario

Total captures, species richness, diversity, and assemblages of adult carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a boreal mixed-wood ecosystem study were compared among unharvested, and clear-cut plots untreated or treated with herbicides (Vision® and Release®), mechanical treatments (brush saw and Silvana Selective). Carabids were sampled using unbaited pitfall traps for one growing season 7 and 9 years after clear-cutting, in the second growing season after competition control was applied. A total of 5032 individuals representing 30 species were collected between June 1 and September 25, 1995. Total catches were not affected by the harvest or the conifer release alternatives applied. Species richness and diversity increased following conifer release alternatives. Ten species showed habitat preferences after treatment whereas the remaining 20 species were not significantly affected by treatment.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中磺酰脲类除草剂

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定水中7种磺酰脲类除草剂的方法,考察了降解作用及滤膜对测定的影响.方法在0.30 mg/L～5.00 mg/L之间线性关系良好,7种磺酰脲类除草剂的检出限为0.32 μg/L～0.62 μg/L,RSD为4.4%～7.6%,平均加标回收率为87.9%～102%.     

EFFECTS OF FOREST HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS ON STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA1

ABSTRACT: The herbicide glyphosate was applied to portions of two watersheds in southwestern British Columbia to kill vegetation that was competing with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) plantations. This application had little significant effect on streamwater chemistry (K⁺, Na²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NOs₃^-, NH₄⁺, PO4^3-, SO₄⁼, and SiO₂ concentrations, electrical conductivity, and pH) when vegetation cover in a watershed was reduced by 4%, but had significant (P>0.05) effects, which lasted for at least five years, when cover was reduced by 43%. In this case, most parameters increased in value following the application, with K⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations and pH values exhibiting the most prolonged increases and NO₃^- concentrations exhibiting the greatest percentage increases. Sulphate and dissolved SiO₂ concentrations decreased following the application. Streamwater chemical fluxes showed similar trends to concentrations except that changes in fluxes were less significant and no decreases were observed. Forest management induced losses of NO₃-N in streamwater during the first five post-treatment years in the study area decreased in the order: herbicide application (approximately 40 kg/ha) < clearcutting and slashburning (approximately 20 kg/ha) < clearcutting (approximately 10 kg/ha). In watersheds similar to those of the study area, herbicide application is likely to have a greater impact on streamwater chemistry, in general, than would clearcutting or clearcutting followed by slashburning.     

FACTORS AFFECTING HERBICIDE YIELDS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED,JUNE 19941

ABSTRACT: Median concentrations and instantaneous yields of alachlor, metolachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine were generally highest at sites in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin and in agricultural subbasins. Instantaneous herbicide yields are related to land use, hydrogeologic setting, streamflow yield, and agricultural row cropping practices. The significance of these relations may be affected by the interdependence of the factors. The percentage of basin area planted in corn is the most influential factor in the prediction of herbicide yield. Instantaneous yields of all five herbicides measured in June 1994 related poorly to averaged 1990–94 herbicide use. Annually averaged herbicide-use data are too general to use as a predictor for short-term herbicide yields. An evaluation of factors affecting herbicide yields could be refined with more-current land use and land cover information and a more accurate estimate of the percentage of basin area planted in corn. Factors related to herbicide yields can be used to predict herbicide yields in other basins within the Chesapeake Bay watershed and to develop an estimate of herbicide loads to Chesapeake Bay.     

紫茎泽兰的化学防除及生态修复效果

紫茎泽兰是我国重要的外来入侵生物,一旦入侵,就排挤当地物种,很快成为优势种群,在西南地区已对当地的农业、畜牧业,以及生态环境造成严重的破坏.2年的试验和示范结果表明,磺酰脲类除草剂嘧磺隆187.5～375g/hm2(有效成分,下同)、噻吩磺隆375g/hm2、氯嘧磺隆375g/hm2和吡啶类除草剂氨氯吡啶酸1 080g/hm2对紫茎泽兰均有优异的防除效果.而2,4-滴1 500g/hm2、乙羧氟草醚150g/hm2、氟磺胺草醚500g/hm2、咪唑乙烟酸1 500g/hm2、嗪草酸甲酯50g/hm2、环嗪酮2 500g/hm2、氯草定750～1 500g/hm2不能完全杀死紫茎泽兰.针对山区水源短缺,运水不便的的问题,通过在除草剂中加入2 L/hm2机油乳油,采用很低容量喷雾法,用水量可由常量喷雾的900～1 200L/hm2减少到30～40L/hm2,施药效率较常量喷雾提高8～10倍.此外,还可将除草剂制成颗粒剂或采用毒土法撒施,不需施药器械,且可以节省大量水运输费用.紫茎泽兰用上述除草剂防除后,能选择性地促进非靶标植物的生长.大面积防除2年后,生态恢复率为40%～90%.     

氯代酰胺类除草剂降解菌的分离及降解性能

从生产乙草胺的农药厂废水生物处理池活性污泥中分离到一株氯代酰胺类除草剂降解细菌,命名为Y3B-1.根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列系统发育分析,将其鉴定为副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.).研究了菌株Y3B-1在不同条件下对多种氯代酰胺类除草剂的降解性能.结果表明:菌株Y3B-1能以乙草胺为碳源生长,并能降解乙草胺、丁草胺和丙草胺,3 d对这3种氯代酰胺类除草剂的降解率分别达到86.7%、65.5%和69.1%,不能降解异丙甲草胺.该菌降解乙草胺的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.0,对乙草胺的降解效果与接种量成正相关,对较低浓度的乙草胺有很好的降解效果,过高的起始浓度抑制其对乙草胺的降解,外加营养如酵母膏和土壤悬液则显著促进其对乙草胺的降解.图7参23     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定水中12种磺酰脲类除草剂

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定水中12种磺酰脲类除草剂,样品经磷酸调节pH值为2后,经Watens Oasis HLB SPE柱净化浓缩,乙腈洗脱,选择检测波长为230 nm,以乙腈-水溶液(0.02%磷酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,保留时间在14 min～32 min范围内.12种磺酰脲类除草剂在0.050 mg/L～...     

微板吸光法测定9种农药对斜生栅藻的抑制毒性

以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)为指示生物,96微孔板为暴露反应载体,SpectraMax M5酶标仪为吸光度测试设备,建立了测定毒物对藻生长抑制毒性的微板吸光法.论文系统研究了微板吸光法中斜生栅藻的可见吸收光谱和生长曲线以及pH和暴露时间对藻生长的影响,同时应用该方法成功测定了环嗪酮、阿特拉津、西草净、扑灭通、苯嗪草酮、敌草快、草甘膦7种除草剂和磷胺、甲胺磷2种杀虫剂对斜生栅藻的剂量-效应曲线(DRC).通过对剂量-效应数据进行非线性最小二乘模拟,获得了这些农药的半数效应浓度EC50及置信区间.对比标准锥形瓶栅藻毒性试验,微板吸光法具有测试简便快速,所需样品体积少,便于多次平行毒性测试等优点.     

Effects of herbicides on Odonata communities in a rice agroecosystem

The effects of the five herbicides propanil, quinclorac, molinate/propanil, 2,4-D amine, and bensulfuron on Odonata diversity and abundance at the experimental rice plots was investigated. A total of 13 Odonata morphospecies belonging to two families have been identified. Treated plots exhibited higher species richness (up to 12 species) than the control plot (8 species). Ishnura spp. was the most abundant species in the treated plots with a mean density of 194.2 individuals per m², (ind m^?2) followed by Brachythemis contaminata (152 ind m^?2) and Agriocnemis spp. (124 ind m^?2). In the control plots, Agrocnemis spp. was the dominant species (153 ind m^?2) followed by Ishnura spp. (143 ind m^?2) and Neurothemis fluctuans (59 ind m^?2). In the propanil-treated plot, the highest number of odonate species (10 species) was recorded followed by the plots treated with quinclorax and molinate/propanil (9 species). On the 2,4-D amine or bensulfuron-treated plots as well as the control plot, only eight odonate species were recorded. This study revealed that herbicide application had a positive effect on Odonata diversity. This seems reasonable as Odonata are non-target organisms for herbicides. Furthermore, the decomposed weeds resulting from herbicide application would enrich the water with necessary organic matter.