生活垃圾与危险废物的焚烧工艺及污染防治措施比较

比较、归纳、总结了生活垃圾和工业危废焚烧项目在生产工艺、污染源产生及治理、污染物排放标准等方面的异同点,提出必须重视废气排污口设施与在线监测仪器的安装,应完善事故防范措施与应急预案等检查要求,为环保部门验收监测、监督管理工作提供技术支持.     

绿矾处理垃圾焚烧灰渣过程中重金属的同时稳定化研究

采用绿矾稳定垃圾焚烧灰渣(包括飞灰及底排渣)中的重金属,将绿矾溶液与灰渣混合然后实施氧化过程．以Pb,Hg,Cd,As和Cr为代表,研究各类重金属同时稳定化的反应条件,着重研究了铬的稳定条件研究结果表明重金属Pb在各种条件下的稳定效果良好;As和Cd的稳定化效果随绿矾用量的增加而增强,其中Cd还受过程pH值的影响．厌氧阶段的设置、CO2的辅助处理、提高绿矾的用量都有助于Cr的稳定化;同时使用CO2辅助处理也有助于As的稳定化,但CO2只适用于强碱性、高酸中和能力的灰渣．反应温度在常温至90℃变化只影响氧化速度．研究还表明飞灰与底排渣可作为一股废物流同时处理．对Hg,应从研究其物质形态出发来研究它的稳定．     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融处理及浸取实验研究

本研究进行了垃圾焚烧飞灰的高温熔融及其熔渣的浸取性能实验。熔融实验在马弗炉中进行 ,浸取实验使用了蒸馏水、pH值为 4 5的醋酸溶液和pH值为 3的硫酸溶液 3种浸印剂。实验结果如下 :重金属Cd、Cr、Zn、Fe随熔融时间的增加 ,溶出量明显减小。延长熔融时间可减少这一类重金属的二次污染。重金属Hg由于其极易挥发 ,熔融时间对其溶出量几乎没有影响。Zn、Cd等重金属随熔融温度的升高 ,溶出量明显减小 ,升高熔融温度可减少这一类重金属的二次污染。重金属Cr的溶出量随溶剂pH值的升高而增加 ,而Cd、Pb、Zn在醋酸溶液中的溶出量最大 ,硫酸次之 ,水中最小。这是因为这些重金属和醋酸发生了络合反应 ,因而溶出量增大。     

大型垃圾焚烧厂周边环境汞影响的初步调查

对上海浦东生活垃圾焚烧厂运行2年来对周边环境的汞影响的初步调查结果显示:垃圾焚烧厂周边环境的土壤背景值偏高,平均为125.9ng/g;运行1a后和2a后的平均值分别为139.9ng/g和137.7ng/g,其中处于下风口的偏西面受影响较大;当地种植的大部分蔬菜叶子的汞含量超过国家卫生标准(GB2762-94),2003年的大豆和高梁果实中汞含量分别是2002年的2.3和2.7倍.垃圾焚烧厂上风口、厂区内和下风口处大气汞浓度分别为5.1ng/m³、5.0ng/m³和10.6ng/m³.     

污泥焚烧工艺技术研究

目前焚烧工艺被世界各国认为是污泥处理中的最佳实用技术之一。在欧洲、美国、日本等国家,该工艺已日渐成熟,它以处理速度快,减量化程度高,能源再利用等突出特点而著称。并且由于近年来,世界各国的环境条件均对废弃物处理所花费的时间和所占的空间提出了更为严格的要求,因而污泥焚烧技术已逐步成为污泥处理的主流技术。我国在废物焚烧的研究方面起步较晚,特别是在污水厂剩余污泥焚烧这一领域更是缺乏基础性的研究,因此对污泥处理中焚烧这一技术的研究就显得日益重要。     

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

垃圾渗滤液预处理工艺的研究

本文结合工程实例,对生活垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾渗滤液进行预处理工艺的研究,结果表明,预处理单元在垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液的整个处理系统中具有重要的作用和地位,渗滤液中部分污染物和无机离子能在预处理单元中得到较好的去除,在一定程度上减轻后续处理工艺的负荷。     

臭氧-曝气生物滤池深度处理垃圾焚烧渗滤液可行性研究

研究了臭氧-曝气生物滤池(BAF)代替纳滤和反渗透深度处理垃圾焚烧渗滤液达标排放的技术可行性.半间歇臭氧氧化试验表明,实验用水的可生化性随着氧化时间的增加而增加,色度及UV254, 15min内去除率分别达91%和64%;氧化时间为45min时COD去除率59%, 45min后COD去除较慢, 120min时去除率77%.确定臭氧氧化时间为1h,在同样臭氧浓度与流量下进行了臭氧-BAF处理垃圾焚烧渗滤液的连续实验.结果发现,此工艺对COD、色度和UV254的去除率分别可达75%,95%和90%,其中2/3运行时间里COD低于排放标准100 mg/L.其中出水色度可稳定保持在40度以下达标排放.经过进一步优化,臭氧-BAF有望用于垃圾焚烧渗滤液的达标处理.GC-MS检测表明烷烃,芳香族化合物及含氮杂环化合物是试验用水的主要污染物,臭氧-BAF能够有效去除后两类化合物,但难以去除烷烃.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

印染污泥焚烧烟气污染控制案例分析

以广东省某两家印染厂的印染污泥焚烧项目为主要研究对象,从污泥处理技术路线、焚烧设备及烟气处理流程等各方面入手,对各厂印染污泥与煤混烧烟气中颗粒物、NOx、SO2、酸性气体(HF、HCl)和重金属等污染物的进行采样分析,并对各厂现有烟气污染物控制设施的运行效果进行调研,结果表明,布袋除尘的效果较为理想,除尘效率可达99%以上;使用印染废水作为吸收液的湿法脱硫技术对SO2及酸性气体的去除效果不理想;SNCR对NOx具有一定的去除效果,是一种较为经济、高效的脱硝技术;焚烧后,大部分重金属最终以飞灰的形式被除尘器去除,但仍有部分重金属如Hg在出口烟气中的浓度仍然很高,需要采取必要的措施控制烟气中的重金属. 此外,基于印染污泥焚烧实例分析,提出适于印染污泥与煤混烧烟气处理工艺流程.