创新机制 以防为主 防治结合 探索中国特色环保新路

近年来,我国污染防治工作取得重要成绩.在经济快速增长的同时,全国主要污染物排放量逐步下降.污染加重的趋势得到初步遏制,部分地区和城市的环境质量得到改善,污染防治工作已经实现由被动应对向主动防控的战略性转变.但是,全国环境形势依然严峻,污染防治体制机制依然不顺,很多环境污染问题依然危害群众健康、影响可持续发展.     

城市大气污染机制分析及开敞空间规划研究

本文以衡阳为例,从气象学、环境工程学的角度,深入分析城区大气污染机制,探讨城市开敞空间与大气污染的关系;并针对氧源绿地、城市空气通道、大气环流、城市组团布局及绿地布局模式等问题,从生态机理上进行定性和半定量的分析和研究,为衡阳城市生态绿地规划提供了理论参考依据.     

有机修饰土对苯酚的吸附动力学

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵单一修饰（CB）和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠混合修饰（CS）土耕层和黏化层土样,采用批处理法通过不同的速度参数研究了修饰土样对苯酚的吸附动力学特征,并对其机制进行了探讨.结果表明,在2个温度下,土两层次修饰土样吸附苯酚的总吸附速度V_t和快速吸附反应速度V_f在低添加浓度下分别为2.64～3.31 μg·(g·h)^-1和39.19～61.23 μg·(g·h)^-1,在较高添加浓度下分别为13.09～16.30 μg·(g·h)^-1和247.87～325.64 μg·(g·h)^-1,耕层土样V_t、V_f的大小顺序均为100 CB>120 CS>50 CB>CK,而黏化层土样均为100 CB>50 CB>120 CS>CK.结果证实土两层次土样的有机修饰能够显著加快对苯酚的吸附速度.苯酚的吸附反应分为快速反应和慢速反应2个阶段,总吸附反应以快速吸附反应为主,与快速反应有关的不同速度参数之间具有良好的相关性,而慢速吸附反应则影响不大.修饰土样快速反应和慢速反应的转折时间均小于2　h,且与吸附速度呈现相反的大小顺序.黏化层修饰土样对苯酚的吸附速度高于耕层修饰土样.吸附温度的升高、苯酚添加浓度的提高均可以加快修饰土样对苯酚的吸附反应速度.指数Ⅱ型动力学模型是描述修饰土样吸附苯酚的最佳模型.拟合参数A值与快速吸附反应相关的各项速度参数具有良好的相关性,而模型参数-B与转折时间具有良好的相关性,-B可以作为描述吸附反应速度的特征参数.修饰土样对苯酚的吸附机制以有机相对苯酚的疏水吸附为主.     

城市污水中的生物毒性及其臭氧削减效果研究

分别利用酵母双杂交和umu试验对5个城市9个污水处理厂进出水中生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(BAR)结合活性进行了调查.并考察了臭氧氧化对这两种生物效应的去除效果.结果表明,城市污水中存在不同程度的生物遗传毒性和视黄酸受体(RAR)结合活性,通过生物处理可以大幅削减污水中的RAR结合活性和生物遗传毒性,但污水厂出水中仍然普遍具有遗传毒性,部分残留RAR结合活性.5～10mg·L-1的臭氧可以有效削减二级出水中残留的BAR结合活性和遗传毒性,是一种有效的提高水质安全性的污水深度处理技术.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for assessing the toxicity induced by microcystin-LR

Among more than 75 variants of microcystin(MC),microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is one of the most common toxins.In this study,the feasibility of using Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate MC-LR toxicity was studied.C.elegans was treated with MC-LR at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg/L.The results showed that MC-LR could reduce lifespan,delay development,lengthen generation time,decrease brood size,suppress locomotion behavior,and decreases hsp-16-2-gfp expression.The endpoints of generation time,brood...     

Induction of chemotaxis to sodium chloride and diacetyl and thermotaxis defects by microcystin-LR exposure in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Apart from the liver disruption, embryotoxicity and genotoxicity, microcystin (MC)-LR also could cause neurotoxicity. Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was explored as a model to study the neurotoxicity. In the present study, we provided evidence to indicate the neurotoxicity on chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl, and thermotaxis from MC-LR exposure to C. elegans. As a result, higher concentrations of MC-LR caused significantly severe defects of chemotaxis to NaC1 and diacetyl, and thermotaxis. The neurotoxicity on chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl, and thennotaxis from MC-LR exposure might be largely mediated by the damage on the corresponding sensory neurons (ASE, AWA, and AFD) and interneuron AIY. The expression levels of che-1 and odr-7 were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in animals exposed to MC-LR at concentrations lower than 10 μg/L, whereas the expression levels of ttx-1 and ttx-3 could be significantly (P<0.01) lowered in animals even exposed to 1 μg/L of MC-LR. Moreover, both the chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl and the thermotaxis were more significantly reduced m MC-LR exposed mutants of che-1(p674), odr-7(ky4), ttx-1(p767), and ttx-3(ks5) than those in exposed wild-type N2 animals at the same concentrations.     

Early stage toxicity of excess copper to photosystem II of Chlorella pyrenoidosa–OJIP chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis

Acute toxicity of excess Cu on the photosynthetic performance of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was examined by using chlorophyll a fluorescence transients and JIP-test after exposure to elevated Cu concentrations for a short time period. High Cu concentration resulted in a significant suppression in photosynthesis and respiration. The absorption flux (ABS/RC) per PSII reaction center increased with increasing Cu concentration, but the electron transport flux (ET₀/RC) decreased. Excess Cu had an insignificant effect on the trapping flux (TR₀/RC). The decline in the efficiency, with which a trapped exciton can move an electron into the electron transport chain further than Q_A−(Ψ₀), the maximal quantum yield of primary photochemistry (?_P0), and the quantum yield of electron transport (?_E0) were also observed. The amount of active PSII reaction centers per excited cross section (RC/CS) was also in consistency with the change of photosynthesis when cells were exposed to excess Cu concentration. JIP-test parameters had a good linear relationship with photosynthetic O₂ evolution. These results suggested that the decrease of photosynthesis in exposure to excess Cu may be a result of the inactivation of PSII reaction centers and the inhibition of electron transport in the acceptor side.     

二噁英的毒性及其对人体健康影响的研究进展

二噁英(dioxin),是一类毒性很强的三环芳香族有机化合物。近年来随着二噁英污染事件的频频发生,人们对二噁英的危害也日益关注。文章从二噁英的结构、理化性质、检测方法、毒性机理以及它对人体健康的影响等方面,对近年来已取得的成果进行了综述,并对今后有效的控制管理措施提出了相应的建议。     

中国需要全面的水资源战略和有效的水治理机制

2008年冬天,北方旱灾影响了7个小麦主产区的一亿多亩小麦,导致今年小麦大量减产。2月江苏盐城因一家化工厂偷排污水导致水体污染,数十万居民的生活用水受到影响。在近年日益频繁出现的干旱、水污染事件中,最近的这两起事件再一次提醒我们,在中国这样一个人均水资源不足、时空分布严重不均的国家,水资源短缺的问题将长期影响和制约我国社会经济发展。