基于单颗粒质谱信息气溶胶分类方法的研究进展

气溶胶质谱仪在对气溶胶颗粒的监测过程中会产生大量单颗粒的化学成分和粒径信息,基于这些质谱数据能够推测颗粒的来源。而对气溶胶来源的分析,很大程度上是由颗粒的种类决定的,故对海量数据的分类就成为不可忽略的步骤。针对气溶胶质谱仪采集到的数据,概述了用于气溶胶分类的多种方法的理论核心、分类步骤及各自的优缺点等。据此可为今后气溶胶分类方法的研究提供建设性意见。     

气体停留时间对生物滤池去除恶臭和微生物气溶胶影响

气体停留时间是影响生物滤池去除恶臭和微生物气溶胶的重要因素之一。采用小试规模的生物滤池研究了气体停留时间对城市污水处理工艺恶臭和微生物气溶胶去除特性的影响。研究结果表明:随着气体停留时间的增加,硫化氢和氨的去除率随之增加,而异养细菌和真菌的去除率降低,低的气体停留时间利于微生物气溶胶的去除,保证硫化氢、氨和微生物气溶胶均能同时高效去除的气体停留时间为40 s。随着气体停留时间的增加,生物滤池出气中分布于stage1、stage2和stage3的大粒径微生物粒子所占比例减小,而分布于stage5和stage6的小粒径微生物粒子所占比例增加。在低的气体停留时间下,生物滤池出气微生物气溶胶潜在的健康风险更大。     

大气中臭氧行为研究进展

臭氧（O3）是一种重要的大气微量气体,是影响对流层——平流层大气动力、热力、辐射、化学等过程的关键成分,在气候和环境变化中扮演非常重要的角色。本文从臭氧在大气中的行为机理入手,研究影响臭氧源和汇的因子,了解臭氧含量变化机制,对当前臭氧研究热点进行概括和总结,展望未来研究重要问题。     

利用SPAMS研究华北乡村站点(曲周)夏季大气单颗粒物老化与混合状态

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱(SPAMS)于2013年6月30日~7月8日对华北地区乡村站点曲周大气单颗粒粒径及其化学组成进行了在线测量,共采集到同时含有正负离子谱图的颗粒230 152个,其粒径主要集中在0.2~2.0μm.结果表明,该地区的大气颗粒物主要分为8类:元素碳(EC,55.5%)、有机碳(OC,10.7%)、钠,钾等碱金属颗粒(alkalis,17.4%)、其他金属颗粒(other metals,1.7%)、富铁颗粒(Fe-rich,6.3%)、富铅颗粒物(Pb-rich,3.1%)、沙尘颗粒(dust,4.8%),other颗粒(0.8%),观测得到的8类气溶胶颗粒中绝大部分包含46NO-2、62NO-3、80SO-3、96SO-4、97HSO-4等二次组分离子,说明这些颗粒都经历了不同的老化过程或与二次组分进行了不同程度的混合.从气溶胶类型的谱分布看,各类型颗粒数浓度峰值基本出现在700~800 nm之间,dust、Fe颗粒主要集中在粗粒径段,EC颗粒子类研究表明随着表面不断吸附NH+4、NO-3、SO2-4等二次组分,EC颗粒逐步演化成老化程度较低的NO-3吸附型EC(ECN)和严重老化的SO2-4吸附型EC(ECS)混合态,两者日变化呈现明显的负相关性,也可能随着二次有机物在EC表面吸附,形成OC/EC混合态.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of marine actinobacterial extract and its mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the degradation of azo dyes

Aim of the present study was to synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles （YiO2 NPs） from marine actinobacteria and to develop an eco-friendly azo-dye degradation method. A total of five actinobacterial isolates were isolated from Chennai marine sediments, Tamilnadu, India and analyzed for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs using titanium hydroxide. Among these, the isolate PSV 3 showed positive results for the synthesis of TiO2 NPs, which was confirmed by UV analysis. Further characterization of the synthesized TiO2 NPs was done using XRD, AFM and FI＇-IR analysis. Actinobacterial crude extract and synthesized TiO2 NPs was found efficient in degrading azo dye such as Acid Red 79 （AR-79） and Acid Red 80 （AR-80）. Degradation percentage was found to be 81% for AR-79, 83% for AR-80 using actinobacterial crude extract and 84% for AR-79, 85% for AR-80 using TiO2 NPs. Immobilized actinobacterial ceils showed 88% for AR-79 and 81% for AR- 80, dye degrading capacity. Degraded components were characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS analysis. The phytotoxicity test with 500 μg/mL of untreated dye showed remarkable phenotypic as well as cellular damage to Tagetes erecta plant. Comparatively no such damage was observed on plants by degraded dye components. In biotoxicity assay, treated dyes showed less toxic effect as compared to the untreated dyes.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

亚微米气溶胶高效过滤装置的设计

针对亚微米气溶胶颗粒进入大气中危害环境及人类的健康的问题,设计了一种移动式亚微米气溶胶高效过滤装置,采用最易穿透粒径法(MPPS)测试了装置的过滤效率,结果表明:该装置具有较高的过滤效率,在0.1~0.25μm粒径范围内,装置的过滤效率在99.999%以上,该设备可用于亚微米气溶胶颗粒的过滤净化。     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

全球环境展望5——我们未来想要的环境:第2章 大气

<正>联合国环境规划署(UNEP)于2012年9月正式发布了全球环境展望5(GEO-5)中文版,该报告评估了世界上最重要的90个环境目标的完成情况。最新发布的GEO-5中文版将为世界上人口最多国家的研究人员、学者、政府代表、行业和民间团体带来联合国最全面的环境评估。本刊自2012年06期起对其进行连载。报告来源:联合国环境规划署。     

武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中有机酸的季节变化及其来源解析

经过预处理的样品用BSTFA/TMCS衍生化试剂衍生后,采用GC-MS技术对武汉市一年四季3个不同类型采样点中大气气溶胶中有机酸进行定量分析。共测定武汉市大气PM2.5中22种饱和脂肪酸(C11~C32)、油酸(C18∶1)、亚油酸(C18∶2)和8种二元羧酸(di-C2~di-C9)。3个采样点四季脂肪酸均呈现出明显的碳偶数优势,其中最丰富的物种均为棕榈酸(年均值ID:85.86 ng/m3,DT:56.43 ng/m3,BG:52.39 ng/m3)和硬脂酸(年均值ID:57.05 ng/m3,DT:32.68 ng/m3,BG:37.37 ng/m3)。同时通过C18∶1与C18∶0的比值用来判断武汉市不同季节、不同类型污染源气溶胶的老化程度。二元羧酸中最丰富的物种为草酸(年均值ID:254.62 ng/m3,DT:367.38 ng/m3,BG:235.19 ng/m3),其次为丁二酸(年均值ID:214.70 ng/m3,DT:312.44 ng/m3,BG:168.46 ng/m3)、丙二酸(年均值ID:103.45 ng/m3,DT:70.56 ng/m3,BG:44.48 ng/m3),二元羧酸总浓度呈现出明显的季节变化,表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。通过di-C2与di-C3之比之来判断二次源对不同类型采样点气溶胶的贡献程度。主成分分析法结果显示化石燃料燃烧、机动车排放及光化学氧化、生物质燃烧、肉类烹饪是武汉市大气气溶胶中有机酸的主要来源。