A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for assessing the toxicity induced by microcystin-LR

Among more than 75 variants of microcystin(MC),microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is one of the most common toxins.In this study,the feasibility of using Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate MC-LR toxicity was studied.C.elegans was treated with MC-LR at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg/L.The results showed that MC-LR could reduce lifespan,delay development,lengthen generation time,decrease brood size,suppress locomotion behavior,and decreases hsp-16-2-gfp expression.The endpoints of generation time,brood...     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

Phosphorus utilization and microbial community in response to lead/iron addition to a waterlogged soil

Constructed wetlands have emerged as a viable option for helping to solve a wide range of water quality problems. However, heavy metals adsorbed by substrates would decrease the growth of plants, impair the functions of wetlands and eventually result in a failure of contaminant removal. Typha latifolia L., tolerant to heavy metals, has been widely used for phytoremediation of Pb/Zn mine tailings under waterlogged conditions. This study examined e ects of iron as ferrous sulfate (100 and 500 mg/kg) and lead as lead nitrate (0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) on phosphorus utilization and microbial community structure in a constructed wetland. Wetland plants (T. latifolia) were grown for 8 weeks in rhizobags filled with a paddy soil under waterlogged conditions. The results showed that both the amount of iron plaque on the roots and phosphorus adsorbed on the plaque decreased with the amount of lead addition. When the ratio of added iron to lead was 1:1, phosphorus utilized by plants was the maximum. Total amount of phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) was 23%–59% higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil. The relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, aerobic bacteria, and methane oxidizing bacteria was also higher in the rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil, but opposite was observed for other bacteria and fungi. Based on cluster analysis, microbial communities were mostly controlled by the addition of ferrous sulfate and lead nitrate in rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively.     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物研究：Ⅱ.生物多样性与群落结构

为深入了解辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物的生态学特征及其与环境因子的相互作用,依据2007年7月下旬在辽东湾进行的大型底栖动物生态调查数据,论述了大型底栖动物的生物多样性与群落结构特点.调查区内大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0～3.40,平均值为2.41;Margalef物种丰富度指数为0～2.40,平均值为1.58.两指数的空间分布趋势较为一致,低值区主要位于调查区北部的沿岸浅水区,其他海域的生物多样性指数较高且无显著的空间差异.以20%的相似性程度划分,取样站可被划为7个大型底栖动物站组,各站组在调查区内呈斑块状分布.其中,有4个站组(站组Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅴ和Ⅵ)的生物量曲线始终在丰度曲线之上,且优势度明显,表明大型底栖动物群落尚未受到显著干扰;其他站组的生物量曲线与丰度曲线相互交叉或非常接近,显示大型底栖动物群落已受到中等程度干扰.统计分析表明,水深,底层水中的ρ(DO),ρ(总磷)共同构成了解释调查区内大型底栖动物群落结构的最佳环境因子组合,它们与栖息密度(R=0.484)和生物量(R=0.489)的相关关系均达到显著水平(P<0.01).     

首卷《中国林业产业与林产品年鉴》出版

该年鉴由国家林业局主持编纂。国家林业局贾治邦局长任编辑委员会主任。参加该书编纂的有36个省级单位,9个林产行业协会组织,333个地级单位及2862个县级单位。年鉴编纂运用“中国林业产业与林产品信息网络平台”收录了全国2862个县级单位的林产品生产信息、全国进出口林产品贸易信息,以及全国主要木材集散地、主要人造板生产基地、     

美国气候行动合作组织

美国气候行动合作组织（USCAP）成立于2007年1月22日,是美国各大企业自发组成的一个经济领域非政府联盟。     

森林伦理组织

森林伦理组织（FE）成立于2000年,是一个非赢利性的环境保护组织。成员主要分布在美国和加拿大。FE不仅以保护濒临消失的野生森林、野生动物为己任,同时也积极关注那些依赖这些环境和资源生存的人类的生活状况。从生物多样性的保护到水质监测,再到遏制全球气候变暖。FE始终坚信保护地球是我们每个人的责任。