长江中下游典型硅酸盐岩流域自然风化与人类活动影响下的水化学特征-以抚河流域为例

抚河汇流于中国第一大淡水湖鄱阳湖,也是长江中下游的重要支流,其河流水化学组成代表了典型的硅酸盐岩地区河流风化特征。本研究于2019年1月对抚河流域进行了系统的采样分析,通过离子的主成分分析、离子比值分析等方法对流域河水水化学空间变化、控制因素和主要离子来源进行了研究。结果表明,K~+、Na~+和HCO_3~-为抚河流域水体的主要阳离子和阴离子,分别占总阳离子和总阴离子的67.0%和61.4%。TDS平均值为49.51 mg/L,低于世界河流平均值。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩风化,同时也受降雨补给和水分蒸发的影响,其中海洋来源占总的河流比例为7.35%。Cl~-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)主要受农业化肥、工业污染及市政排放等影响,且不同地段的来源具有显著差别。由上游至下游,河流水化学中SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-不断增加,表明受人类活动的影响较大。     

复配材料钝化重金属污泥试验及工程应用研究

利用多组分新型高效材料与普通硅酸盐水泥制得复配材料,开展箱涵清淤重金属（Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn）污染底泥钝化试验及工程应用研究,采用无侧限抗压强度和毒性浸出浓度评价钝化效果,进一步分析重金属赋存形态变化探讨钝化机制.结果表明,底泥：复配材料：黄沙质量配比为5：4：1时,钝化效果最佳.实际工程应用中,H型和O型固化砖抗压强度分别达10.82和10.11MPa,毒性浸出浓度远低于鉴别标准值（GB5085.3-2007）,满足资源化应用要求.重金属浸出浓度与离子交换态和有机结合态占比呈正相关,有机结合态和铁锰氧化态分别为底泥和固化砖中重金属的主要赋存形态,二者占比在固化前后呈现完全相反的变化趋势,该变化对固化稳定化重金属起重要作用.除H型Cr外,其他固化砖中重金属残渣态占比均有所增加.该复配材料基于多组分物质间相互协同作用实现重金属钝化具有实际应用前景.     

Aerosol characterization in a city in central China plain and implications for emission control

Extensive studies on aerosol chemistry have been carried out in megacities in China, however, aerosol characterization in Central China Plain (CCP) is limited. Here we conducted real-time measurements of fine particle composition with a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor in Kaifeng, Henan province in October 2019. Our results showed that nitrate and organics constituted the major fraction of non-refractory PM_2.5 for the entire study, on average accounting for 34% and 33%, respectively. However, aerosol composition was substantially different among four periods due to different meteorological conditions and chemical processing. For instance, nitrate presented the lowest contribution during the first period due to evaporative loss associated with high temperature (T), and then rapidly increased during polluted periods as a function of relative humidity (RH). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed the dominance of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in OA, and also the changes in OA composition under different T and RH levels. In addition, this study is unique with two periods of local emission controls. Back trajectory and coefficient of divergence analysis showed that air pollution in CCP was overall homogeneously distributed. As a result, the effectiveness of local emission controls in this region was strongly affected by meteorological conditions and regional transport. We found that one of the periods with emission control even showed the highest concentrations for the entire study. Our results point towards the limited effect of local emission controls in mitigating air pollution in CCP, and highlight the importance of joint emission controls under unfavorable meteorological conditions.     

The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.     

O3-NH3协同活性焦脱硫脱硝的均相预反应特性研究

为进一步提高活性焦脱硫脱硝性能,提出臭氧（O₃）预氧化协同喷氨（NH₃）的工艺优化思路.通过在固定床上开展相关均相反应实验,研究外部引入的O₃、NH₃对NO_x、SO₂的反应特性.结果表明,O₃对NO的氧化反应为逐级过程,随着O₃/NO物质的量比增大,O₃将NO依次氧化为NO₂和N₂O₅.O₃对SO₂的均相氧化作用十分有限,O₃/SO₂=1时SO₂氧化率低于5.0%.在O₃预氧化条件下喷入NH₃后,O₃/NH₃=1时约有6.7%的O₃消耗量;当O₃/NO=1时,预氧化产物NO₂含量显著下降,同时NO排放浓度小幅上升;当O₃/NO=1.5时,NO_x排放水平与未喷入NH₃条件时相当.在O₃和NH₃协同作用下,SO₂的氧化率显著提高,推测此时脱硫反应产物为更加稳定的NH₄HSO₄或（NH₄）₂SO₄.O₃-NH₃协同脱硫脱硝反应中,O₃/NO不超过1时,NH₃-NO₂和NH₃-SO₂反应同时发生,提高NH₃引入量能够同时提高脱硫率和脱硝率.O₃/NO > 1时,NH₃-N₂O₅反应优先级最高,N₂O₅对NH₃的消耗抑制了NH₃-SO₂脱硫反应发生.仅运用O₃预氧化和NH₃协同作用方式的脱硫脱硝效率较为有限,但对烧结烟气中氮、硫污染物的形态的改变产生重要影响.     

镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷分布特征及释放贡献

将镜泊湖分为北部湖区、中部湖区、东部湖区、西部湖区、南部湖区共设置23个表层沉积物采样点和10个沉积柱芯采样点,采用The Standards,Measurements and Testing Programme （SMT）法测定沉积物中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）、有机磷（OP）、铁/铝结合态磷（NaOH-P）、钙结合态磷（HCl-P）.分析镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的来源、空间分布特征和对磷释放的贡献.结果表明,镜泊湖湖区沉积物各形态磷有3个主要成分,其中成分1主要代表生活污水和工业废水,主成分2主要代表农业污染,主成分3主要代表碎屑岩、自生磷灰石和含磷矿物质等;镜泊湖沉积物各形态磷的空间分布具有一定的空间差异性,分布特征受镜泊湖水文特征和人类活动影响较大.湖区沉积物各形态磷含量整体而言随深度的增加不同程度的下降;对沉积物不同形态磷的磷释放贡献进行分析,分析表明,镜泊湖各湖区沉积物短时间尺度内以滞留为主,但在长时间尺度下具有一定的释放风险.     

绿色荧光蛋白标记阿特拉津降解基因工程菌的特性

通过转化绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒,对阿特拉津降解基因工程菌进行标记.转化后,绿色荧光蛋白在细胞内表达情况良好.在含抗生素的LB培养基中,绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平高于LB培养基和基础培养基.在细胞生长的稳定期,绿色荧光蛋白表达水平高于停滞期和对数生长期.绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒转化和表达,不会对基因工程菌原有的降解能力产生影响,而且绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平和降解活性存在接近线形的正相关关系.荧光蛋白标记细胞投加到反应器活性污泥中,会以2种状态存在:游离态和附着态,而且初期游离态细胞的数量大于附着态细胞的数量.     

Pilot-scale study of the effect of selective catalytic reduction catalyst on mercury speciation in Illinois and Powder River Basin coal combustion flue gases

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst on mercury (Hg) speciation in bituminous and subbituminous coal combustion flue gases. Three different Illinois Basin bituminous coals (from high to low sulfur [S] and chlorine [Cl]) and one Powder River Basin (PRB) subbituminous coal with very low S and very low Cl were tested in a pilot-scale combustor equipped with an SCR reactor for controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The SCR catalyst induced high oxidation of elemental Hg (Hg0), decreasing the percentage of Hg0 at the outlet of the SCR to values <12% for the three Illinois coal tests. The PRB coal test indicated a low oxidation of Hg0 by the SCR catalyst, with the percentage of Hg0 decreasing from approximately 96% at the inlet of the reactor to approximately 80% at the outlet. The low Cl content of the PRB coal and corresponding low level of available flue gas Cl species were believed to be responsible for low SCR Hg oxidation for this coal type. The test results indicated a strong effect of coal type on the extent of Hg oxidation.     

洱海湖滨带生态修复设计原则与工程模式

以洱海湖滨带为研究对象,探讨了湖滨带生态修复的原则和设计方法.在分析洱海湖滨带生态现状的基础上,对湖滨带类型进行了分类,提出了湖滨带的修复目标和设计方法,并对全系列和半系列的湖滨带生态修复进行了物理基底、生态恢复和景观结构设计.根据湖滨带的生态环境功能和人类对湖滨带的利用,探讨了洱海湖滨带生态修复的 8 种适用模式.     

环境地球化学污染元素的参数评估法及环境评价

环境污染中的无机污染在很大程度上需要判断是否污染及污染的程度.笔者用常规地球化学方法对数据处理后,用t-分布检验是否具区域性污染,用分级指数判别其污染的程度,结果表明用简单的地球化学方法可以解决环境的基本问题.