福建省近10年生态足迹与生态承载力研究

利用生态足迹分析法分析了福建省1995年、2000年和2004年的生态足迹及生态承载力.将福建省资源利用的动态特征纳入生态足迹模型中,在此基础上进行横向和纵向比较.结果显示,福建省人均生态赤字从1995年的0.340 3 hm2、2000年的0.443 6 hm2上升到2004年的0.720 2 hm2.这说明福建省在近10年的发展中,生产、生活强度大幅度增加,超过了自然生态系统的承载力,维持现状将难以保证可持续发展.因此,应提高科技与农林业结合水平,大力提倡节约型生活及消费方式,减少生态赤字,遏制生态环境的恶化.     

城市地区重建湿地的生态过程研究

研究了湿地重建过程中植物、土壤和水质的动态变化特征.湿地重建2 a后植物种类增加了11种,芦苇、菖蒲和香蒲3种植物的高度、生物量在第2个生长季明显高于第1个生长季节,植物生物量分别增加到原来的13、1.5和1.4倍.湿地种植区土壤有机质总体上是降低的,土壤全氮含量从1?500　mg/kg降低到850　mg/kg（p＜0.01）,土壤全磷在试验期间略有增加.对重建湿地12种水质指标分析表明,夏季湿地出口源水溶解氧高于进口源水,出口源水总氮、叶绿素a、藻类计数3种水质指标均低于进口源水,说明重建湿地水质在夏季出口源水优于进口源水,水质得到改善.研究表明,湿地植物群落重建成功,生物多样性增加,重建湿地在改善和保持源水水质方面发挥了一定的作用.     

一体化A/O生物膜反应器低温硝化研究

采用自行设计制作的新型一体化A/O生物膜反应器,研究了温度、进水碱度对反应器硝化性能的影响.结果表明,当反应器温度控制在20,15和10℃时,硝化率分别为98%,90%和60%.此时进水COD和TN浓度分别为100～150 mg/L和65～78 mg/L.总氮去除率分别为50%,30%和20%.当反应器温度控制在8℃,进水中不加有机碳源,随着进水碱度的增加,硝化率从72%提高到95%,在低温下取得了良好的硝化效果.当进水碱度为280 mg/L时,反应器各区出现亚硝酸盐积累,亚硝化率达到80%.详细分析了形成亚硝酸盐积累的原因.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

长三角典型区土壤重金属有效态的协同区域化分析、空间相关分析与空间主成分分析

以昆山市为典型区,采集了126个表层土壤样品,通过多元统计学、地统计学与GIS技术相结合,采用基于协同区域化理论的因子克立格法探讨了长三角多个土壤重金属有效态的区域分异,并在剖析不同空间尺度有效态重金属的空间结构特征基础上,应用空间相关分析和空间主成分分析来揭示引起这种分布格局的成因和污染来源,结果表明,昆山土壤有效态重金属服从正态或对数正态分布,变异系数较大,有效态Cd污染最重.重金属有效态在空间上可划分为块金尺度、小空间尺度（15 km左右）和大空间尺度（40 km左右）,它可用3个尺度的实验（交叉）变异函数的协同区域化模型线性拟合.空间相关分析中,Cd和Zn在3个尺度中的相关性均极显著,且元素在小尺度和大尺度的相关性比块金尺度更强,大尺度的负相关特征较其它尺度明显.空间主成分分析表明,不同尺度的空间污染来源不同.重金属有效态第一、二主成分的空间分布格局结果表明重金属有效态含量与工业活动、污水灌溉和土壤性质密切相关.     

道路生态影响评价方法研究：以兰海高速公路为例

提出了将道路生态影响问题划分为3个尺度来进行评价,并根据不同尺度的生态特征采用不同的方法和指标,从而系统、定量的评价道路建设和运行所带来的生态影响.小尺度问题采用野外调查和样方对比的方法;中尺度问题主要依靠不同分辨率的遥感监测,辅之野外调研;大尺度问题主要依靠遥感和GIS结合进行分析.以兰海高速公路为例,运用该系统进行评价,取得了良好的结果.因此,该体系方法可以作为道路生态影响评价和研究的借鉴和参考.     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

种植苜蓿草的生态环境效益和经济效益分析——苜蓿草在台安县洪家农牧场种植实验

2004年台安县洪家农牧场引进加拿大优质苜蓿草进行种植实验.通过清种、林地间作和不种苜蓿草对比实验,对土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、PH值、含水量进行分析,得出种植苜蓿草所产生的生态环境效益和经济效益.此项实验结论说明,紫色苜蓿是牧草之王,可促进养殖业的发展,对改善生态环境,防止土壤沙化和水土流失,改善农业结构,实现生态良性循环起到积极的促进作用,对改善生态环境起到了良好的示范作用.