离子液体双水相气浮溶剂浮选分离/富集水样中的盐酸多西环素研究

建立了以亲水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸[Bmim]BF4和Na H2PO4形成的二元双水相作为气浮溶剂分离/富集水样中盐酸多西环素的新方法,并采用紫外分光光度法对盐酸多西环素进行测定。考察了离子液体的初始加入量、盐的种类及浓度、p H值、浮选时间及N2流速等因素对体系浮选分离盐酸多西环素的影响。结果表明,改变离子液体和无机盐的加入量,会使体系的富集倍数发生变化,从而使体系的浮选效率和浓集系数发生变化;随浮选时间增加,体系的浮选效率先增加后略微下降;过大或过小的N2流速都会使体系对盐酸多西环素的浮选效率降低;而p H值对体系浮选盐酸多西环素影响不大。当[Bmim]BF4溶液加入量为3 m L、Na H2PO4加入量为25 g(质量分数为33.3%)、气浮时间为40 min、气浮速率为50 m L/min时,体系的浮选效率最高,可达95.8%,浓集系数可达23.95,此时体系的p H值为4.38。与离子液体双水相萃取(ILATPE)相比,该方法的优点在于不仅有较高的浮选率、浓集系数,还有效减少了离子液体的用量,同时操作更简单、环境友好。     

Effect of Na+ impregnated activated carbon on the adsorption of NH4+-N from aqueous solution

Two kinds of activated carbons modified by Na+ impregnation after pre-treatments involving oxidation by nitric acid or acidification by hydrochloric acid (denoted as AC/N-Na and AC/HCl-Na, respectively), were used as adsorbents to remove NH4+-N. The surface features of samples were investigated by BET, SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The adsorption experiments were conducted in equilibrium and kinetic conditions. Influencing factors such as initial solution pH and initial concentration were investigated. A possible mechanism was proposed. Results showed that optimal NH4+-N removal efficiency was achieved at a neutral pH condition for the modified ACs. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption equation provided a better fit than other models for the equilibrium study. The adsorption kinetics followed both the pseudo second-order kinetics model and intra-particle kinetic model. Chemical surface analysis indicated that Na+ ions form ionic bonds with available surface functional groups created by pre-treatment, especially oxidation by nitric acid, thus increasing the removal efficiency of the modified ACs for NH4+-N. Na+-impregnated ACs had a higher removal capability in removing NH4+-N than unmodified AC, possibly resulting from higher numbers of surface functional groups and better intra-particle diffusion. The good fit of Langmuir isotherm adsorption to the data indicated the presence of monolayer NH4+-N adsorption on the active homogenous sites within the adsorbents. The applicability of pseudo second-order and intra-particle kinetic models revealed the complex nature of the adsorption mechanism. The intra-particle diffusion model revealed that the adsorption process consisted not only of surface adsorption but also intra-particle diffusion.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体降解CF4

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体技术降解强温室气体CF₄,考察了外加气体氧气(O₂)、空气、氩气 (Ar) 对DBD降解CF₄的影响. 结果表明:随着放电时间的延长,CF₄降解率升高. 3种外加气体条件下,CF₄的降解率依次为Ar>空气>O₂. 外施电压1 000 V,Ar条件下放电4 min,CF₄降解率可达98.2%,而O₂条件下CF₄降解率只有36.9%. 水汽对CF₄降解有一定抑制作用. 红外光谱检测结果表明,降解产物主要为CO₂,CO和COF₂.      

~(17)O-NMR与拉曼光谱法研究CuCl_2和CuSO_4对水结构的影响

利用17O-NMR化学位移、半峰宽和核磁共振系数(B')与水团簇结构和水分子缔合的关系,分析了Cucl2和CuSO4对水结构的影响,同时比较了纯水和不同浓度CuCl2和CuSO4溶液的羟基伸缩振动拉曼光谱,研究表明,CuCl2和CuSO4均具有促进水分子缔合,使水团簇加大的作用,且CuSO4对水的缔合作用大于CuCl2,Cl-对水缔合的破坏作用大于SO2-4.Cu2+作为顺磁离子,在核磁共振弛豫过程中,对缩短水中质子的自旋-晶格弛豫时间,使谱线变宽作用明显,拉曼光谱主要反映阴离子对水结构的影响,而17O-NMR方法能够全面反映阴、阳离子和化合物对水缔合程度的影响.     

零价铁协同超声波降解2,3,4,6-四氯酚的特性

研究了2,3,4,6-四氯酚(TeCP)在超声波/零价铁协同体系中的降解,结果表明,拟一级动力学能很好的拟合降解过程,协同体系中TeCP一级降解速率常数为0.0141min~(-1),为同等条件下零价铁体系降解速率常数的10.07倍,且大于两者之和,说明两者之间存在明显协同效应;零价铁(Fe~0)投加量、初始pH值、初始TeCP浓度(C_0)、超声功率和溶液离子强度等控制参数对TeCP降解速率的影响表明,其拟一级速率常数在Fe~0量为2g·l~(-1),初始pH值为6.0,离子强度0.8mol·l~(-1)Na_2SO_4以及超声功率350W时达最大值,并随着C_0的升高而降低.     

凹凸棒石对水中3,4-二氯苯胺的吸附

研究了凹凸棒石对水中3,4-二氯苯胺(3,4-DCA)的吸附行为,对不同温度下(298K,303K,313K)的数据分别用Langmuir,Freundlich和Redlich-Peterson模式进行拟合,并用假一级方程和假二级方程描述凹凸棒石对3,4-DCA的吸附动力学过程,结果表明:吸附作用受pH值影响明显,在pH=4.O时,吸附量最大;凹凸棒石的吸附能力随着温度的升高而降低;Redlich-Peterson方程更适合描述3,4-DCA在凹凸棒石上的吸附行为;Gibbs自由能(△G0)、熵变(△S0)和焓变(△H0)值均小于零,说明此吸附过程是自发进行的、放热的物理吸附过程;假二级方程更适用于描述凹凸棒石对3,4-DCA的吸附动力学过程,     

质粒基因强化活性污泥系统对2,4–D的降解

以携带质粒pJP4[含编码2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸(2,4-D)降解功能的基因片段]的基因工程菌Pseudomonas putida SM1443::gfp2x (pJP4::dsRed)为供体菌,通过半连续流实验研究了质粒基因强化对活性污泥系统的2,4-D的降解效应及菌群结构的影响.结果表明,以初始浓度约为320mg/L的2,4-D为唯一碳源,向活性污泥系统投加携带pJP4质粒的基因工程菌P. putida,运行初期,降解促进作用不明显;随着半连续流反应的进行,促进作用显著增强.与对照系统相比,降解速率之差最高为6.67mg/(L·h).从基因强化系统中筛选到1株占有优势的接合子,经鉴定为Alcaligenes sp.::pJP4. Alcaligenes sp.本身不具备降解2,4-D的能力,获得质粒pJP4后,对2,4-D降解能力大幅度提高,与野生型2,4-D高效降解菌Bacillus sp.相当. PCR-DGGE分析表明,在受到2,4-D冲击条件下基因强化的活性污泥系统较对照系统保持了相对更加稳定的菌群结构.     

磷钨酸光催化降解直接大红4BE溶液的研究

以磷钨酸(PW12)为催化剂,对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化降解,考察了PW12用量、染料初始浓度对反应的影响,并对反应机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PW12能够有效光催化降解直接大红4BE.PW12用量￡600mg/L时,直接大红4BE的降解随PW12用量的增加明显加快, 光解过程符合表观一级反应动力学.当pH2.0、直接大红4BE初始浓度为50mg/L、PW12用量为600mg/L时,其光催化降解效果最佳, 对应的一级表观反应速率常数k为0.1164min-1.直接大红4BE初始浓度在50~150mg/L范围内,PW12对其光催化降解速率随染料浓度的增加而减小.结合直接大红4BE的循环伏安图,以及不同实验条件下PW12光催化直接大红4BE的UV-vis光谱图,进行的机理探讨结果表明,实验条件下,直接大红4BE的PW12光催化脱色过程是?OH氧化, PW12*–直接大红4BE复合物内的电子转移,以及杂多蓝PW12(e-)还原共同作用的结果,其中×OH氧化脱色起主导地位.     

The use of waste basic oxygen furnace slag and hydrogen peroxide to degrade 4-chlorophenol

A new treatment method is developed to degrade 4-chlorophenol (4-cp) and its oxidation intermediates. The experimental results of this research demonstrate that 4-cp and its oxidation intermediates can be decomposed completely by basic oxygen furnace slag (BOF slag) with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in an acid solution. The factors that effect the treatment efficiency were studied including initial concentration of 4-cp, pH of the solution, concentration of H₂O₂ and amount of BOF slag. The BOF slags are final waste materials in the steel making process. The major components of BOF slag are CaO, SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, FeO, MgO and MnO. As the BOF slag in an acid solution, FeO and Fe₂O₃ can be dissociated to produce ferrous ion and ferric ion. Ferrous ion reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form “Fenton's reagent” which can produce hydroxyl radicals (OH^.). Hydroxyl radical possession of high oxidation ability can oxidize organic chemicals effectively. Results show that 100 mg/l of 4-cp is decomposed completely within 30 min by 438.7 g/l BOF slag with 8.2 mM hydrogen peroxide in pH=2.8±0.2 solution. The COD value of the solution is reduced from 290 to 90 mg/l. The factors studied which affect the 4-cp decomposition efficiency were the hydrogen peroxide concentration, BOF slag concentration, pH of the solution and initial concentration of 4-cp. Because large amounts of Fe₂O₃ and FeO are present in the BOF slag, the BOF slag not only has a high treatment efficiency, but also can be used repeatedly.     

基于“2-4”模型的建筑施工高处坠落事故原因分类与统计分析

为了明确建筑施工高处坠落事故的原因分类及各类原因的发生频次概况,采用事故致因“2-4”模型分析了2000—2016年间的56起建筑施工高处坠落事故,并对各类原因进行了分类和统计分析。分析得出安全管理体系缺欠7类共62项,其中,无安全技术交底或技术交底不合格、安全组织机构不合格、无施工组织设计方案或方案不合格出现频次位于前三位;得出安全知识不足62项,安全意识不高58项,较管理者而言,一线操作者的安全知识不足和安全意识不高问题均占多数;得出不安全动作19类共296个,其中,安全培训缺失或不到位和劳动防护用品的缺乏和不正确使用2类不安全动作发生频率较高;得出不安全物态6类共54项,其中出现频率较高的是安全防护栏杆缺失或存在缺陷、脚手架或作业平台搭设不规范、安全网缺失或存在缺陷。