稻鸭、稻鱼共作对稻田P素动态变化的影响

以稻鸭和稻鱼生态系统为研究对象，通过大田试验研究了稻田P的动态变化及转化规律，及其对环境的影响。结果表明，施P后土壤和田面水P含量立即达到最大值，一周后迅速降低。相对于空白（CK），养鸭处理（RD）和养鱼处理（RF）田面水总P浓度、溶解P浓度、土壤速效P含量和水稻吸P量显著增加，而土壤全P含量有所增加。研究还表明，水稻吸P量与田面水溶解P、土壤速效P显著相关。对田面水P素径流流失的潜在环境效应分析表明，施P后的一周左右是控制P素流失的关键时期；由于养鸭养鱼能提高稻田P含量，在稻鸭、稻鱼共作期间，要注意避免农田排水和防止因降雨引起的田面水外溢。同时，由于鸭子和鱼能提高土壤有效养分含量，降低化肥的施用量，进而降低了化肥损失所造成的环境危害。     

Compliance with ivory trade regulations in the United Kingdom among traders

Global demand for elephant ivory is contributing to illegal poaching and significant decline of African elephant (Loxondonta africana) populations. To help mitigate decline, countries with legal domestic ivory markets were recommended by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora to close domestic markets for commercial trade. However, implementing stricter regulations on wildlife trade does not necessarily mean compliance with rules will follow. Using an online questionnaire, we examined the relationship between self-reported compliance with ivory trade regulations among 115 ivory traders in the United Kingdom and 4 dimensions (control, deterrence, legitimacy, and social norms) hypothesized to influence compliance with conservation regulations. Although most traders supported regulations, a large number did not always check that they comply with them when trading objects containing ivory. The main factors influencing compliance with ivory trade regulations were traders’ ability to comply and their perceptions of the regulations and punishments to deter illegal trade. These findings demonstrate the utility of conservation criminology to improve wildlife trade regulations and identify opportunities to reduce illegal ivory entering the market in the United Kingdom. Compliance could be improved by clearer regulations that facilitate easier detection of illegal ivory products and stronger prosecution of violations.     

Overlooked biodiversity loss in tropical smallholder agriculture

Smallholder agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in the western Amazon, where terrestrial biodiversity reaches its global maximum. Understanding the biodiversity value of the resulting mosaics of cultivated and secondary forest is therefore crucial for conservation planning. However, Amazonian communities are organized across multiple forest types that support distinct species assemblages, and little is known about smallholder impacts across the range of forest types that are essential for sustaining biodiversity. We addressed this issue with a large-scale field inventory of birds (point counts) and trees (transects) in primary forest and smallholder agriculture in northern Peru across 3 forest types that are key for Amazonian biodiversity. For birds smallholder agriculture supported species richness comparable to primary forest within each forest type, but biotic homogenization across forest types resulted in substantial losses of biodiversity overall. These overall losses are invisible to studies that focus solely on upland (terra firma) forest. For trees biodiversity losses in upland forests dominated the signal across all habitats combined and homogenization across habitats did not exacerbate biodiversity loss. Proximity to forest strongly predicted the persistence of forest-associated bird and tree species in the smallholder mosaic, and because intact forest is ubiquitous in our study area, our results probably represent a best-case scenario for biodiversity in Amazonian agriculture. Land-use planning inside and outside protected areas should recognize that tropical smallholder agriculture has pervasive biodiversity impacts that are not apparent in typical studies that cover a single forest type. The full range of forest types must be surveyed to accurately assess biodiversity losses, and primary forests must be protected to prevent landscape-scale biodiversity loss.     

Qualitative impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign for conservation

Social marketing campaigns use marketing techniques to influence human behavior for the greater social good. In the conservation sector, social marketing campaigns have been used to influence behavior for the benefit of biodiversity as well as society. However, there are few evaluations of their effectiveness. We devised an approach for evaluating the influences of social marketing campaigns on human behavior and conservation outcomes. We used general elimination methodology, a theory-driven qualitative evaluation method, to assess the long-term impacts of a 1998 Rare Pride campaign on the island of Bonaire that was designed to increase the population of the Lora (Amazona barbadensis), a threatened parrot. We interviewed stakeholder groups to determine their perceptions of the drivers of the changes in the Lora population over time. We used these data to develop an overall theory of change to explain changes in the Lora population by looking at the overlap in hypotheses within and between stakeholder groups. We then triangulated that theory of change with evidence from government reports, peer-reviewed literature, and newspapers. The increase in the Lora population was largely attributed to a decrease in illegal poaching of Loras and an associated decrease in local demand for pet Loras. Decreases in poaching and demand were likely driven by a combination of law enforcement, social marketing (including the Rare campaign), and environmental education in schools. General elimination methodology helped show how multiple interventions influenced a conservation outcome over time. There is a need for evidence-based evaluations of social marketing interventions to ensure that limited resources are spent wisely.     

多因素影响下SUFR系统除磷效果研究

在进水COD浓度控制在300～400 mg/L范围内,针对SRT、C/N和C/P 3个因素对TP的影响设计了正交实验,并在此基础上进行回归正交实验。实验结果显示：SRT、C/N、C/P 3个因素中SRT对厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷速率的影响最大,随着SRT的增大,系统除磷效率逐渐下降。C/N和C/P的增长使系统进水TN、TP浓...     

Private capital: What impedes its entry into China's minerals industry

The paper commences with an analysis of the nature and status of private capital investment in the minerals industry in China. Based on the analysis, the authors examine the main barriers in terms of the mineral rights market, industry access and investment security that impede the participation of private capital into exploration and development of China's mineral resources. The discussion addresses how to encourage the participation of private capital into mining investment and it concludes that it is of significant importance to ensure the soundness of mineral rights market, impartiality of industry access, and security of mineral rights.     

Fe/活性炭多相类Fenton法湿式氧化罗丹明B废水的研究

采用自制的Fe/活性炭（Fe/AC）为催化剂，H₂O₂为氧化剂,组成多相类Fenton试剂催化降解罗丹明B染料废水。实验结果表明,在催化剂加入量为0.8 g/L，H₂O₂体积分数为0.3%,废水pH值为13,反应时间为30 min的条件下,质量浓度为200 mg/L的罗丹明B染料废水的脱色率达100%。反应动力学研究表明,罗丹明B脱色反应近似为一级反应,30℃时反应速率常数为0.02675 min^-1,表观活化能为69.47 kJ/mol。     

炉渣制光催化剂催化降解水中罗丹明B的研究

以废弃的钢铁冶炼炉渣为原料制备了光催化剂GN,并对其进行了X衍射、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱、比表面积及孔径分布等物性测试,通过在三相内循环流化床光催化反应器中对罗丹明B废水进行处理,确定了GN的最佳光催化氧化条件.将GN与传统的光催化剂TiO2作比较,结果表明,GN不仅具备较高的光催化活性,而且成本更低,为钢铁冶炼炉渣的循环再利用提供了一种新思路,同时也为光催化氧化技术的工业化应用提供了一条新颖、经济、可行的途径.     

水溶液中活性艳红KE-3B的臭氧超声联合脱除

采用臭氧/超声联合技术去除模拟废水中的活性艳红KE-3B。臭氧/超声处理前后KE-3B的紫外可见吸收谱没有明显的变化。臭氧/超声联合作用、单独臭氧化和单独超声处理脱除活性艳红KE-3B模拟废水5 min后的去除率分别为97%、73%和5%，表明臭氧/超声联合降解活性染料具有更高的氧化速率。实验研究了pH值、臭氧投加量、超声能量密度、反应温度对超声/臭氧降解活性艳红KE-3B反应速率的影响，在实验研究范围内，随着溶液初始pH的增大，KE-3B的去除率先增大后减小，超声能量密度的改变对KE-3B的去除影响不大，温度升高有利于氧化反应的进行。在溶液初始pH值为9.0，臭氧投加量3.2 g/h，超声能量密度176 W/L，反应温度20℃时，浓度为100 mg/L的活性艳红KE-3B溶液的去除率最高。     

Induced cytochrome P450 1A activity in cichlid fishes from Guandu River and Jacarepaguá Lake, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The induction of cytochrome P4501A-mediated activity (e.g. ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation, EROD) has been used as a biomarker for monitoring fish exposure to AhR-receptor ligands such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs). In this study we found that hepatic EROD is induced in fish ("Nile tilapia", Oreochromis niloticus and "acará", Geophagus brasiliensis) from the Guandu River (7-17-fold) and Jacarepaguá Lake (7-fold), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Since both cichlid fish are consumed by the local population and the Guandu River is the main source of the drinking water supply for the greater Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, pollution by cytochrome P4501A-inducing chemicals is a cause for concern and should be further investigated in sediments, water and biota. We additionally showed that EROD activity in the fish liver post-mitochondrial supernatant-simpler, cheaper and less time consuming to prepare than the microsomal fraction-is sufficiently sensitive for monitoring purposes.