Lung retention and bioavailability of arsenic after single intratracheal administration of sodium arsenite,sodium arsenate,fly ash and copper smelter dust in the hamster

Arsenic is present in airborne particulate material released by coal-fired power plants and non-ferrous metal smelters. We have assessed whether the physico-chemical properties of arsenic in such particles play a role in its lung retention and uptake by the body. Female hamsters were given a single intratracheal instillation of fly ash or copper smelter dust suspensions (at doses of 50 or 100 g As kg^–1) or identical amounts of soluble tri- and pentavalent arsenic, in the presence or absence of an inert dust material (tungsten carbide). The concentration of the element was measured in a 24 hour urine sample collected on the 1st, 2nd and 6th day after treatment and arsenic remaining in lung tissue was determined at the end of the same time periods. Both lung retention and urinary As excretion indicate a prolonged contact of the lung tissue with particulate As in contrast to soluble As salts. In addition to the effect of solubility described here, more research is needed to determine the effect of particle size and lung loading on retention, as well as the potential differences in the lung inflammatory response using arsenic-rich particulates from various sources.     

近年来中国北方沙尘暴成因及其防治

近年来,强和特强沙尘暴在我国北方频繁发生,这与中国北方近几十年来植被破坏严重,沙化土地面积不断扩大,生态环境恶化导致沙源物质增加,气候进一步暖干化,自然环境对沙尘暴的防卫能力大大减弱有关。防治沙尘暴有三方面措施;一是增加地表覆盖,促进生态良化;二是建立沙尘暴预警系统与沙尘暴多发区环境质量动态监测预警系统;三是加强法制与管理力度,使沙尘暴多发区生态环境建设纳入法治轨道。     

工业防尘技术新进展

介绍了我国工业防尘技术的现状和新进展。着重讲述了屋顶除尘器、抑尘剂、移动通风槽分别是二次烟尘治理、开放性扬尘抑制、移动尘源控制的新技术措施,风量调节与控制、气力输灰技术将在除尘系统中广泛应用;在除尘设备方面,长袋低压脉冲袋式除尘技术和“表面过滤”技术成为袋式除尘新技术,设备大型化将成为方向。     

制备标准呼吸性粉尘滤膜样品的实验方法研究

介绍了自制的标准呼吸性粉尘发生装置制备含石英呼吸性粉尘滤膜样品的实验方法。经测试表明：该方法操作简便,制备的呼吸性粉尘样品石英含量均匀,样品质量可控制,粉尘粒度分布和现场样品一致,适用于实验室间或不同方法之间的石英含量比较性研究和质量控制。     

酸雨和降尘对菜青虫生长和取食行为的影响

通过室内模拟试验探讨了酸雨、降尖及其复合污染对菜青虫生长发育和取食行为的影响。结果表明，直接处理对菜青虫有明显的抑制作用，而间接处理则有促进作用。试验发现，在受污染的植物体内有糖分与蛋白质积累现象，这是造成虫害加重的主要原因之一。     

The investigation of metal concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city,Jordan

The concentrations of metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Co) in 140 street dust samples were collected from Aqaba city, Jordan. These samples were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with aqua regia. The highest levels of metal concentrations were found in the samples from heavy traffic. While the lowest levels of metal ions were noted in the street dust samples from hospital and health centers and school gardens. The results of this study were compared with several cities around the world. The levels of the metal concentrations found were generally below the mean world-wide values of street dust samples. Metal values in urban street dust samples were several times higher than the control levels. The statistical analyses were applied to the data matrix to determine the analytical results and to identify the possible source of pollution in the studied area. Correlations between the metal concentrations of the street dust samples were obtained. Factor analysis showed that the area was mainly influenced by three sources, namely lithogenic, traffic, and industrial.     

不同粒径近地表大气尘元素分配规律研究——以成都经济区为例

将不同地貌单元和城市不同功能区的近地表大气尘机械筛分,分析其粒度组成和化学组成特征及其相互关系,以探讨元素在不同粒径大气尘颗粒中的分配规律。研究结果表明:近地表大气尘颗粒粒径主要集中在300~400目(38.5~54μm),其中城市和丘陵地区质量分数最高,达56.596%~68.493%。化学组成上,人为扰动重金属元素,除Pb本底值比较高外,总体上城市高于丘陵和山区;Al2O3、Na2O、SiO2、Ti、Zr等稳定元素总体上,随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐增大;Mn、P、S等元素,总体上随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐减小。Pb、Zn、Cr等人为扰动元素,大粒径近地表大气尘元素含量稍大于小粒径元素含量,但小粒径元素含量总体上仍呈现随粒径的减小而逐渐增大的趋势。     

Distribution patterns of lead in urban soil and dust in Shenyang city, Northeast China

We investigated the spatial distribution of Pb in soil and dust samples collected from 54 sites in Shenyang city, Liaoning province, Northeast China. Soil background Pb concentration was 22 mg kg⁻¹ and control values from non-industrial areas were 33 mg kg⁻¹ for soil and 38 mg kg⁻¹ for dust. Soil Pb concentrations varied widely, ranging from 26 to 2911 mg kg⁻¹, with a mean concentration of 200 mg kg⁻¹, 9 times the background value and 6 times the control value. There was great variation in soil Pb, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.06 and a standard deviation (SD) of 212 mg kg⁻¹. Dust Pb concentrations fluctuated from 20 to 2810 mg kg⁻¹, with a mean value of 220 mg kg⁻¹, almost 6 times the control value. No significant differences in distribution were observed between soil Pb and dust Pb. The highest Pb concentration was observed in Tiexi district in an industrial area. Soil Pb concentration decreased with depth and with distance from the pollution source. Lead concentrations initially changed little but then decreased with distance from the roadside, and were generally higher on the east side of roads than on the west. Lead contents in different categories of urban area differed substantially with dust and soil Pb concentrations decreasing in the sequence: industrial >business >mixed (residential, culture and education)> reference areas.     

锅炉大气污染物测试

为贯彻国家新标准“锅炉大气污染物排放标准”（ＧＢ５４６８－９１），本文探讨了准确测算烟气流速，干烟气平均分子量等关于锅炉烟尘和ＳＯ２排放浓度测试的技术问题，对不易测试的参数提供经验估算法。     

长春市南湖大气降尘长期演变规律

本文统计分析了１９８４－１９９３年长春市南湖大气降尘数据，探讨了冬季与夏季的代表月份以及１０年间的代表年份大气降尘长期演变规律。１０年间冬季降法量呈波浪式递减趋势；从统计来看，冬季１月份降尘最是夏季７朋份降尘量的２．３倍左右；同年度内冬季、春季大风时段的除尘量一般高于夏、秋季；冬季煤烟型大气污染已逐年在所改善，一些自然因素对大气除尘的影响逐渐突出。