浅析采煤塌陷区生态修复管理机制的完善

采煤塌陷区的生态环境治理是生态环境保护的一项重要内容。当前,采煤塌陷区所在的地方政府已经采取了相关的生态修复措施,并建立了相应的管理机构,有了一定的法制建设进展。但与采煤塌陷区生态修复相关的管理机制尚存在不足,诸如管理主体欠缺、管理体制不顺、法治不健全等问题普遍存在。因此,需要在环境管理转型的要求下进一步完善。     

Regional assessment of cadmium pollution in agricultural lands and the potential health risk related to intensive mining activities： A case study in Chenzhou City, China

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of cadmium （Cd） contamination in agricultural soil and its potential risk for people. Soils, rice, and vegetables from Chenzhou City, Southern China were sampled and analyzed. In the surface soils, the 95% confidence interval for the mean concentration of Cd varied between 2.72 and 4.83 mg/kg （P 〈 0.05） in the survey, with a geometric mean concentration of 1.45 mg/kg. Based on the GIS map, two hot spot areas of Cd in agricultural soils with high Cd concentrations were identified to be located around the Shizhuyuan, Jinshiling, and Yaogangxian mines, and the Baoshan and Huangshaping mines, in the center of the city. About 60% of the total investigated area, where the agricultural soil Cd concentration is above 1 mg/kg, is distributed in a central belt across the region. The critical distances, at which the soil Cd concentration were increased by the mining activities, from the mines of the soils were 23 km for the Baoshan mine, 46 km for the Huangshaping mine, and 63 km for the Shizhuyuan mine, respectively. These are distances calculated from models. The Cd concentrations in rice samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.43 mg/kg and the mean dietary Cd intake from rice for an adult was 191 μg/d. Results of risk indexes showed that soil Cd concentrations possessed risks to local residents whose intake of Cd from rice and vegetables grown in soils in the vicinity of the mine was 596 μg/d.     

上向流曝气生物滤池处理煤矿矿区生活污水技术研究

概述了我国煤矿矿区生活污水特点、处理技术发展及上向流曝气生物滤池技术特点,对生物滤池处理矿区生活污水进行试验研究,为工程设计提供合适的技术参数,同时进行了工业性试验研究。结果表明,混凝沉淀后进行生物滤池处理矿区生活污水技术可行,投资省,运行费用低,出水达到生活杂用水标准,可实现矿区生活污水资源化利用。     

综放开采覆岩“两带”高度影响因素及预测模型研究*

为研究影响综放开采覆岩“两带”高度预测模型,采用理论分析与经验公式方法系统分析影响覆岩“两带”高度的因素,包括覆岩岩性、覆岩组合结构、煤层赋存状态、顶板控制方法、开采厚度、工作面走向长度与倾向长度、工作面推进速度、覆岩破坏残余变形;并将上述因素划分为采矿地质因素、顶板控制方法、采煤工作面三维尺寸设计参数、时间因素4类;基于此建立综放开采“两带”高度预测模型,并通过工程实例对比、现场实测等方法进行合理性验证。结果表明:芦沟矿与盛泰矿2个工作面的“两带”高度预测值均在实测值范围之内,说明得出的回归式预测效果较好,验证综放开采“两带”高度预测模型的合理性。     

回采巷道锚杆支护效果评判的改进突变级数法

为综合确定多种因素影响下回采巷道的锚杆支护效果,提出评判回采巷道锚杆支护效果的改进突变级数法。首先,多层次分解影响巷道锚杆支护效果的因素,根据离差最大化法改进突变级数法中的指标重要性排序问题;然后,构建基于改进突变级数法的锚杆支护效果评判模型,计算得出巷道锚杆支护效果评判级数;最后,对20个样本进行巷道锚杆支护效果评判及实例验证,确定模型的可行性和可靠性。结果表明:样本数据的模型检验预测结果与现场巷道锚杆支护稳定性结果一致;改进支护方案后,巷道稳定性由第Ⅲ级变为第Ⅱ级,与现场监测位移结果相符,可验证改进突变级数法的合理性和可靠性。     

Multiscale Analysis of Hydrology in a Mountaintop Mine‐Impacted Watershed

In the Appalachian region of the eastern United States, mountaintop removal mining (MTM) is a dominant driver of land‐cover change, impacting 6.8% of the largely forested 4.86 million ha coal fields region. Recent catastrophic flooding and documented biological impairment downstream of MTM has drawn sharp criticism to this practice. Despite its extent, scale, and use since the 1970s, the impact of MTM on hydrology is poorly understood. Therefore, the goal of this study was a multiscale evaluation to establish the nature of hydrologic impacts associated with MTM. To quantify the extent of MTM, land‐cover change over the lifetime of this practice is estimated for a mesoscale watershed in southern West Virginia. To assess hydrologic impacts, we conducted long‐term trend analyses to evaluate for systematic changes in hydrology at the mesoscale, and conducted hydrometric and response time modeling to characterize storm‐scale responses of a MTM‐impacted headwater catchment. Results show a general trend in the conversion of forests to mines, and significant decreases in maximum streamflow and variability, and increases in base‐flow ratio attributed to valley fills and deep mine drainage. Decreases in variability are shown across spatial and temporal scales having important implications for water quantity and quality. However, considerable research is necessary to understand how MTM impacts hydrology. In an effort to inform future research, we identify existing knowledge gaps and limitations of our study.     

基于文本挖掘的建筑工人不安全行为及其影响因素研究

人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态是引发建筑施工安全事故的直接原因,其中人的不安全行为占主导作用。识别工人不安全行为表现及其影响因素规律,是采取针对性安全管理措施的前提。基于文本挖掘技术和R语言,对334份建筑施工安全事故报告进行分词处理和特征项降维,识别出8项建筑工人不安全行为及其27项影响因素;通过构建共现网络和中心性分析,将27项影响因素分为关键因素、重要因素、次要因素和一般因素4个级别,其中政府安全监管职责不到位(MF₅)、安全教育培训缺失(MF₁₂)、隐患排查治理不彻底(MF₁₀)和安全检查不到位(MF₉)为4个关键因素,应对其高度重视和重点管控;最后以一起厂房坍塌事故为案例,对比分析了建筑工人不安全行为影响因素的文本挖掘分析结果与案例实际发生情况,结果发现两者具有较好的契合度,从而验证了文本挖掘和因素分级结果的实用性和合理性。     

基于渗流-损伤耦合分析的煤层底板突水过程的数值模拟

根据杨村煤矿17煤的水文地质条件,应用岩石破裂过程渗流与损伤耦合作用分析系统(F-RFPA2D),建立了薄煤层底板采动破坏的数值模型,模拟了采动条件下底板的破断失稳、裂隙扩展和突水过程,探讨了底板突水的机理,并对底板的易发生突水部位进行了预测.结果表明,当回采工作面推进到26.8 m时,在隔水层的两个约束端产生拉剪破坏区.该破坏区和12灰贯通形成突水通道.突水后通道处的位移、流量都发生突变增加,并形成连锁反应,使12灰到13灰及其之间的隔水层依次发生破坏,最大破坏深度达13 m,但未勾通和14灰、奥灰之间的水力联系,在底板没有断层的地段不会发生突水.两个工作面采前和采后压水试验结果表明,采动后底板破坏深度在9.96～12.35 m,同数值模拟结果相吻合.     

Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites, Baiyin, China

A field survey was conducted to investigate the metal and arsenic contamination in soils and vegetables on four villages （Shuichuan （SCH）, Beiwan （BWA）, Dongwan （DWA） and Wufe （WFE）） located along, Baiyin, China, and to evaluate the possible health risks to local population through foodchain. Results show that the most significantly contaminated soils occurred upstream at SCH where Cd, Cu and As concentrations exceeded maximum allowable concentrations for Chinese agricultural soil. Further downstream the degree of contamination semi-systematically decreased in concentrations of metal. Generally, the leafy vegetables were more heavily contaminated than non-leafy vegetables. Chinese cabbage is the most severely contaminated, the concentrations of Cd exceeded the maximum permit levels （0.05 mg/kg） by 4.5 times. Bio-accumulate factor also shows that an entry of Cd to food chain plants is the greatest potential. Furthermore, the estimated daily intake amounts of the considered toxic elements （Cd, Pb and Cu） from the vegetables grown at SCH and BWA and DWA have exceeded the recommended dietary allowance levels. Thus, the vegetables grown in three villages above, which affected by Baiyin mining and smelting have a health hazard for human consumption.     

煤矿液压提升机的安全功能与安全隐患分析

液压提升机是较为复杂的机电液一体化产品 ,是煤矿井下作业提升物料和运送人员的关键设备 ,素有矿井咽喉之称。液压提升机的防爆、提升过程中的超速、过卷保护、液压系统的高、低压保护及升降与制动工作协同性是其安全性设计的核心与关键。笔者概要介绍了液压提升机的主要安全保护功能 ,分析并探讨了液压提升机存在的安全隐患与对策