Differences in soil nitrification and denitrification capacities following reclamation years of native desert soils to irrigated croplands in Hexi Corridor Region of Northwest China北大核心CSCD

Nitrogen (N) loss in irrigated croplands from coupled nitrification and denitrification shows considerable differences due to differences in soil properties and agricultural management practices. Previous research has demonstrated that soil physicochemical properties strongly affect nitrification and denitrification capacities of cropland soils. However, existing research on soil nitrification and denitrification following the conversion of native desert soils to irrigated croplands lacks long-term tracking and monitoring capabilities. Therefore, six types of reclamation years of irrigated croplands and uncultivated sandy land in the Hexi Corridor marginal oasis in northwestern China were selected for study, and the differences in soil nitrification and denitrification rates and physicochemical properties were studied over 42 sites in the desert-oasis ecotone derived from seven reclamation sequences, including the years of 0, 15, 30, 50, 80, 100, and 150. The results showed that the nitrification and denitrification rates of soil first increased and then decreased with the increase in reclamation years. The highest soil nitrification rate and denitrification rate were observed at 80 years of cultivation (101.4 μg g-1 d-1) and 100 years of cultivation (0.93 μg g-1 d-1), respectively. In addition, the soil nitrification and denitrification rates in the natural sandy land were significantly lower than those in the cultivated croplands (P < 0.05). There were significant correlations among soil nutrients, soil moisture, and soil particle size composition between the nitrification and denitrification rates (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that environmental variables accounted for 69.7% and 75.7% of the variation in nitrification and denitrification rates, respectively. Among them, organic matter content, pH, soil moisture, and NH4+-N content were the key factors affecting the change in soil denitrification rate, while organic matter content, NO3--N, pH, and clay content were the key factors affecting the change in soil denitrification rate. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,研究序批式反应器(SBR)中好氧颗粒污泥的培养.实验结果表明:通过对进水碳源进行调控,反应器中形成了高活性具有同步硝化反硝化能力的好氧颗粒污泥,反应器中COD和NH₃-N的去除率分别为74.0%～92.8%和82.3%～98.5%.颗粒污泥的粒径一般为0.5～1.0mm,MLSS达到4.5g·L^-1以上,SVI值约为32.5,其有效生物量及脱氮性能远远高于一般的好氧活性污泥.     

含海水污水的短程硝化反硝化

采用SBR工艺通过控制游离氨(FA)浓度实现了含海水生活污水的短程硝化反硝化脱氮,并研究了不同海水盐度情况下,温度、pH值、NH₄⁺-N负荷等诸因素对短程硝化反硝化的影响.试验结果表明:大生活用水范围内的海水盐度情况下仍可实现短程硝化反硝化,但不同海水盐度情况下的NH₄⁺-N去除率与NHH₄⁺-N负荷有关,随着海水占生活污水比例的增加NH₄⁺-N负荷应逐渐减少.当NH₄⁺-N负荷小于0.15kg/(kg·d)时,短程硝化的NH₄⁺-N去除率仍可达到90%以上.升高温度有利于提高短程硝化脱氮效率,当温度从20℃升高到30℃时,亚硝化比增长速率增加1倍.反应温度应保持在25℃～30℃,pH值的最佳范围为7.5～8.5.较高的进水pH值有利于通过游离氨浓度控制亚硝酸型硝化的形成.     

Removal of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim from reclaimed water and the biodegradation mechanism

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) are two critical sulfonamide antibiotics with enhanced persistency that are commonly found in wastewater treatment plants. Recently, more scholars have showed interests in how SMX and TMP antibiotics are biodegraded, which is seldom reported previously. Novel artificial composite soil treatment systems were designed to allow biodegradation to effectively remove adsorbed SMX and TMP from the surface of clay ceramsites. A synergy between sorption and biodegradation improves the removal of SMX and TMP. One highly efficient SMX and TMP degrading bacteria strain, Bacillus subtilis, was isolated from column reactors. In the removal process, this bacteria degrade SMX and TMP to NH ₄ ⁺ , and then further convert NH ₄ ⁺ to NO ₃ ^– in a continuous process. Microbial adaptation time was longer for SMX degradation than for TMP, and SMX was also able to be degraded in aerobic conditions. Importantly, the artificial composite soil treatment system is suitable for application in practical engineering.

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潜流式人工湿地污水处理系统硝化能力研究

研究了潜流式人工湿地内部不同填料层和沿水流方向硝化能力的变化.结果表明:潜流式人工湿地中,硝化能力沿水流方向逐渐减小.底部填料层,即炉渣层的氨氧化速率常数和亚硝酸氧化速率常数分别为1.99～6.89mg·(h·kg)^-1和1.44～5.22mg(h·kg)^-1,而床体上部土壤层的氨氧化速率常数和亚硝酸氧化速率常数分别为0.53～0.89mg·(h·kg)^-1和0.96～1.39mg·(h·kg)^-1.因此炉渣层的硝化能力要明显高于土壤层,底部炉渣层在硝化过程中起主要作用.     

两段SBR法去除有机物及短程硝化反硝化

采用两段SBR法处理有机物和氨氮含量较高的化工废水.一段反应器(SBR1)的反应过程处于好氧状态,主要去除大部分有机物;二段反应器(SBR2)先好氧,去除剩余有机物和硝化反应,并且控制硝化反应进程至亚硝酸型硝化结束.然后缺氧反硝化,反硝化以原水作为碳源.试验结果表明:两段SBR法可以增加二段污泥中硝化菌的含量,使具有不同作用的2大类微生物群体分别在各自的反应器内生存.在进一步降低出水COD的同时,避免高有机负荷对硝化反应的冲击,使碳氮比(C/N)不再成为脱氮系统的影响因素.因此,与单一SBR法相比,两段SBR法不仅提高处理效率,还能节约能耗及外加碳源的费用.     

施氮与凋落物去除影响下中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮素矿化潜势和硝化潜势研究

氮沉降影响土壤氮循环,而凋落物是土壤有机氮的主要来源,因此,为了探讨氮沉降和凋落物是否去除作用下,亚热带森林土壤潜在的氮素矿化与硝化作用,选择已进行8年模拟氮沉降试验的亚热带罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)常绿阔叶林土壤为研究对象,野外样地氮添加设置3个水平:对照(CK,0 kg·hm^?2·a^?1)、低氮(LN,75 kg·hm^?2·a^?1)、高氮(HN,150 kg·hm^?2·a^?1),两种凋落物管理方式(保留凋落物,L和去除凋落物,R),土壤采样后,通过室内间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究土壤氮素矿化潜势差异,以及不同底物条件下(铵态氮水平:N 0,100、150、200 mg·kg^?1)土壤硝化潜势的差异。结果表明:土壤氮素快速矿化主要在培养前7 d,矿化累积量(Nt)为102.81—153.71 mg·kg^?1,矿化潜势(N0)范围为193.84—289.80 mg·kg^?1,N0依次为:保留凋落物低氮(LN-L)>保留凋落物对照(CK-L)>去除凋落物低氮(LN-R)>去除凋落物对照(CK-R)>去除凋落物高氮(HN-R)>保留凋落物高氮(HN-L);两种凋落物处理方式下,LN水平土壤的Nt与N0均高于CK、HN。保留凋落物情况下,有较高的土壤硝化潜势;在无添加硝化底物(铵态氮水平为N 0 mg·kg^?1)的条件下,野外氮添加水平高的土壤硝化潜势也高;而在添加不同硝化底物(铵态氮)的条件下,土壤硝化潜势并未随硝化底物水平的增加而增加,且硝化底物水平为N 100 mg·kg^?1时硝化潜势最大。研究表明,虽然保留凋落物可以增加土壤氮矿化潜势,而氮沉降则影响氮矿化潜势。当研究土壤硝化潜势时,应当根据土壤类型等因素选择合适的硝化底物(铵态氮)添加量。     

Sludge fermentation liquid addition attained advanced nitrogen removal in low C/N ratio municipal wastewater through short-cut nitrification-denitrification and partial anammox

• Sludge fermentation liquid addition resulted in a high NAR of 97.4%. • Extra NH₄⁺-N from SFL was removed by anammox in anoxic phase. • Nitrogen removal efficiency of 92.51% was achieved in municipal wastewater. • The novel system could efficiently treat low COD/N municipal wastewater. Biological nitrogen removal of wastewater with low COD/N ratio could be enhanced by the addition of wasted sludge fermentation liquid (SFL), but the performance is usually limited by the introducing ammonium. In this study, the process of using SFL was successfully improved by involving anammox process. Real municipal wastewater with a low C/N ratio of 2.8–3.4 was treated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR was operated under anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic (AOA) mode and excess SFL was added into the anoxic phase. Stable short-cut nitrification was achieved after 46d and then anammox sludge was inoculated. In the stable period, effluent total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) was less than 4.3 mg/L with removal efficiency of 92.3%. Further analysis suggests that anammox bacteria, mainly affiliated with Candidatus_Kuenenia, successfully reduced the external ammonia from the SFL and contributed approximately 28%–43% to TIN removal. Overall, this study suggests anammox could be combined with SFL addition, resulting in a stable enhanced nitrogen biological removal.     

亚硝酸盐不同生成方式对短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统的影响

为了探究亚硝酸盐生成方式对短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统的影响,采用2组同规格SBR反应器分别在连续和间歇曝气方式下使亚硝酸盐连续生成和间歇生成,考察其运行过程中脱氮除磷效果、污泥物理特性和微生物群落结构.结果表明,亚硝酸盐间歇生成后随即消耗,具有更好和更稳定的脱氮除磷性能,特别在TN去除上,第72 d后TN平均去除率为92.07%.碳源利用效率（以P/COD计）集中在0.21~0.22mg·mg^-1,碳源利用充分,进一步促进反硝化除磷.颗粒粒径分布集中,大小均匀,具有规则的形状和清晰的边界.微生物群落分析表明,亚硝酸盐间歇生成的系统微生物群落丰富度和多样性更高,同时富集了更多DPAOs菌属（Dechloromonas和Pseudomonas）,与Nitrosomonas共同作用使短程硝化与反硝化除磷达到动态平衡,实现系统稳定运行.     

两种PPCPs对雅鲁藏布江沉积物硝化作用的影响

为了掌握药物及个人护理用品（pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs）对高海拔河流氮转化过程的影响,采用沉积物泥浆实验方法,研究了磺胺甲唑（sulfamethoxazole,SMX）和甲氧基肉桂酸乙基己酯（2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate,EHMC）在不同浓度下（0.01、0.1、1.0、10和100 μg·L^-1）对雅鲁藏布江沉积物硝化作用的影响.所有处理组均显著降低了硝化速率,SMX和EHMC共暴露诱导了最大抑制率,达到66%.所有SMX和EHMC处理组均显著抑制了氨单加氧酶（ammonia monooxygenase,AMO）活性和amoA基因丰度,SMX单独及其与EHMC联合诱导了比EHMC更强的抑制效应.SMX单独或与EHMC联合暴露显著抑制了沉积物中的羟胺氧化酶（hydroxylamine oxidase,HAO）活性及hao基因丰度,共暴露的抑制效应更强,而单独EHMC处理增加了HAO活性和hao基因丰度.结果表明,PPCPs影响了高海拔河流沉积物中硝化菌群的活性,抑制了硝化过程,联合暴露进一步增加了水生态系统中氮负荷压力.