城市湿地水生植物对附生轮虫多样性的影响

于2021年6~10月对海珠湿地连通水系水区及三类水生植物体表附生的轮虫群落结构开展研究,分析水生植物附生轮虫多样性及群落动态特征.研究期间共记录轮虫70种,其中水生植物水区最多,记录47种.水生植物均有大量轮虫附生,变化范围在108~5826ind./gdw之间,且附生轮虫丰度呈现沉水植物>浮叶植物>挺水植物的变化趋势.水生植物附生群落、无植物水区和水生植物栽培区3种生境轮虫群落物种组成差异明显.水生植物附生群落中游动能力较弱的腔轮虫、镜轮虫、鞍甲轮虫等敏感类群占据优势,而无水生植物区和水生植物水区群落中以游泳能力较强的多肢轮属、龟纹轮属和臂尾轮属等耐污类群占据优势.3类型水生植物附生轮虫群落Shannon-Weiner多样性指数与Pielou’s均匀性指数均显著高于无植物栽培水区(P<0.05).3类水生植物均为轮虫提供了生境支持,有效提高城市湿地生态系统生物多样性.     

城市河流沉水植物与大型底栖动物群落的关系

城市河流渠道化造成河流水生态系统普遍退化,重建水生生物栖息地,修复城市河流水生态系统成为近年来的研究热点.针对水生植物修复对大型底栖动物群落演替影响的科学问题,选择北京清河4个沉水植物修复河段为研究区域,于2012~2013年期间开展河流大型水生植物与大型底栖动物的季节动态监测,利用聚类分析、排序分析和方差分析比较水生植物修复区和对照区的大型底栖动物群落差异.研究结果表明采用沉水植物修复对大型底栖动物的密度、生物多样性和群落结构的稳定恢复具有显著效果,但不同叶片形态的沉水植物中底栖动物的密度、物种数、生物多样性和功能摄食类群的组间方差不显著,表明采用不同形态植被修复对大型底栖动物群落的恢复和次生演替的生态效应较为一致.大型底栖动物以直接收集者为绝对优势类群,表明沉水植物通过稳定局部微生境的底质和流速条件,为大型底栖动物提供更为适宜的生境条件,促进河流沉积物中的有机质转化.     

两种水生植物对滇池草海富营养化水体水质的影响

通过模拟实验,比较了2种典型水生植物水葫芦和轮叶黑藻对滇池草海富营养化水体水质的影响.结果表明,在实验过程中,水葫芦同化吸收的氮、磷量分别比轮叶黑藻所同化吸收的量高109%和17%.在水生植物采收前,水葫芦处理组水体DO和pH值显著性低于对照组,电导率(EC)和氧化还原电位(Eh)显著性高于对照组,与轮叶黑藻处理组结果相反.水葫芦和轮叶黑藻处理组水体TN和TP浓度均显著低于对照组;相同初始种养量的情况下,试验初期轮叶黑藻处理组水体TN、TP及Chl-a浓度显著性低于水葫芦处理组,与试验后期结果相反.当水生植物采收后约50 d,水葫芦处理组水体TN、TP浓度均维持在采收前的低水平;轮叶黑藻处理组TN和TP浓度也维持在采收前水平,而Chl-a浓度较采收前有所上升.     

Rapid Geomorphic and Habitat Stream Assessment Techniques Inform Restoration Differently Based on Levels of Stream Disturbance

Visual‐based rapid assessment techniques provide an efficient method for characterizing the restoration potential of streams, with many focusing on channel stability and instream habitat features. Few studies, however, have compared these techniques to see if they result in differing restoration priorities. Three rapid assessment techniques were contrasted at three wild trout streams in western New York with different amounts of channel disturbance. Two methods focused only on geomorphic stability, whereas the third addressed physical habitat condition. Habitat assessment scores were not correlated with scores for either geomorphic assessment method and they varied more between channels with different degrees of disturbance. A model based on dynamic equilibrium concepts best explains the variation among the streams and techniques because it accounts for a stream's capacity to maintain ecological integrity despite some inherent instability. Geomorphic indices can serve as effective proxies for biological indices in highly disturbed systems. Yet, this may not be the case in less disturbed systems, where geomorphic indices cannot differentiate channel adjustments that impact biota from those that do not. Dynamically stable streams can include both stable and unstable reaches locally as characterized by geomorphic methods and translating these results into restoration priorities may not be appropriate if interpretations are limited to the reach scale.     

Hydrobiogeochemical Controls on Riparian Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics: 10 Years Post‐Restoration

Little is known about the impact of agricultural legacy on subsurface biogeochemical processes in the years following restoration of riparian wetlands (WLs). More knowledge is also needed on the relative importance of seasons, precipitation events, and inputs of water and nutrients driving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) (N₂O, CO₂, CH₄) dynamics in these systems. This investigation of a riparian zone comprising a restored WL area and a nonrestored well‐drained alluvium (AL) area in the United States Midwest revealed that despite successful hydrological restoration a decade earlier, biogeochemical conditions in the WL area remained less anoxic than in natural WLs, and not significantly different from those in the AL area. No significant differences in N, P, S, and C compound concentrations or fluxes were observed between the AL and WL areas. Over the duration of the study, nitrate (NO₃^?) and soluble reactive phosphorus appeared to be primarily driven by hillslope contributions. Ammonium (NH₄⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2?), and CO₂ responded strongly to seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions in the riparian zone, while N₂O and CH₄ fluxes were most influenced by large rewetting events. Overall, our results challenge overly simplistic assumptions derived from direct interpretation of redox thermodynamics, and show complex patterns of solutes and GHGs at the riparian zone scale.     

Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon,Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications

Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH₄ and N₂O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂ pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change.     

遮光对亚热带山地大泥炭藓(Sphagnum palustre L.)生长及维管植物控制效果的影响

控制亚热带山地泥炭藓湿地中维管植物的生长可以帮助泥炭藓湿地快速恢复.以亚热带山地大泥炭藓(Sphagnum palustre L.)为研究对象,采用人工覆盖遮光网控制遮光率,探究遮光对大泥炭藓生长及维管植物控制效果的影响.结果显示:(1)大泥炭藓的生长状态方面,在无遮光下及遮光处理下,随着遮光率的增加,大泥炭藓的头状枝数量不断降低[10月从38.9 (±11.8)降低到24.5 (±4.4)],但覆盖面积和生物量先增加后降低[10月覆盖面积从62.0 (±32.3) cm²到128.6 (±25.7) cm²再到99.0 (±19.7) cm²;生物量从1.8 (±0.7) g到2.8 (±0.8) g再到2.0 (±0.5) g];(2)随着遮光率的增加,维管植物的总盖度与生物量不断降低[10月总盖度从96.2%±1.6%降低到10.0%±1.4%;生物量从419.9(±71.3) g降低到57.4 (±17.1) g];(3)维管植物总盖度与大泥炭藓覆盖面积以及生物量均显著相关,当维管植物总盖度约为50%左右,大泥炭藓覆盖面积和生物量最大.因此,遮光网与维管植物共同影响大泥炭藓的生长,中度遮光(遮光率64%、76%)是帮助泥炭藓湿地快速恢复的最佳条件;综合考虑大泥炭藓的生长以及经济成本,在野外进行大泥炭藓湿地的恢复工作时,只需要覆盖1层遮光网(遮光率64%)即可达到最好效果.(图7表4参38)     

不同恢复年限退化土壤有机氮组分变化特征

为明确退化土壤在不同恢复年限下土壤有机氮组分变化规律,以福建长汀县退化红壤为研究对象,利用时空替代法,选取5个典型的不同植被恢复阶段样地,分别为裸地,恢复7、17、23、35a的马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)人工林,采用Bremner酸水解法研究土壤有机氮各组分的变化特征。结果表明,与裸地相比,恢复年限为7、17、23、35a的土壤全氮含量分别增加了2.57、3.71、4.00、5.57倍,且主要以酸解性氮形态存在。酸解性氮和非酸解性氮含量均随全氮含量的增加而显著提高(P<0.01),但植被恢复提高了非酸解氮比例,降低了酸解性氮比例。土壤氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和酸解未知态氮含量随着恢复年限的延长而提高;酸解性总氮含量与氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和酸解未知态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。线性回归斜率表明,不同恢复年限土壤增加的酸解性总氮中12.4%为氨态氮、47.3%为氨基酸态氮、35.2%为酸解未知态氮、5.1%为氨基糖态氮。植被恢复降低了氨态氮组分占酸解性总氮的比例,提高了氨基酸态氮组分占酸解性总氮的比例。有机氮组分特征变化影响土壤氮素供应与贮存能力。该研究结果可为退化土壤恢复过程养分管理提供参考。     

永定河(北京段)生态修复工程运行管理机制研究

在充分调查永定河生态修复运行管理现状的基础上,以阈值跃迁、适应性管理为指导,对现有运行管理现状及存在问题进行深入分析。研究发现目前运行管理存在缺乏理论指导,管理权责不明晰,资金来源不明确以及生态监测体系、原水买卖平台缺失等问题。为实现运行管理目标,研究提出从构建基于适应性管理的流域委员会管理模式、确定管理机构权责、管理资金配置及建立生态修复管理评估体系4个方面完善运行管理机制,为永定河生态修复工程的运行管理及北方缺水城市的水生态修复工程运行管理提供参考与借鉴。     

湖泊流域清水产流机制修复方法及其修复策略

基于湖泊水污染防治领域长期的研究与实践经验,提出了“以污染源系统治理+流域清水产流机制修复+湖泊水体生境改善+流域管理”为主的湖泊水污染防治的总体思路,并着重阐述了流域清水产流机制修复的方法及其修复策略.由流域径流的产流、汇流输送与入湖过程的分析引出了湖泊流域清水产流机制的概念,对其破坏原因进行了解析,提出了清水产流机制修复的理念、思路、技术路线及修复中的关键问题.以抚仙湖东大河流域为例,将入湖河流小流域分成清水产流区﹑污染控制与净化区、湖滨入湖区3部分区域.在对3区域清水量与污染物产生量进行分析的基础上,根据3区域现状特征与主要环境问题分别提出其修复策略.