太湖流域农村公众环境意识案例研究

环境意识属上层建筑范畴,对环境行为具有指导意义。针对太湖流域日益严重的农业非点源污染,提高农村公众环境意识是控制该区水污染的主要措施之一。首次选取无锡市大浦镇14个行政村2.7万人为抽样框进行农村公众环境意识调查。结果表明：①居民对水环境污染的原因有了初步的认识,但与实际有明显偏差;②浅层次的局部的“日常生活环保型”环境意识依然存在;③居民在环保行为上为“政府依赖型”,整体参与环保意识不强;④居民获取环保信息渠道单一,政府对主要的信息发布渠道重视不足;⑤2003年该镇居民总支付意愿为55.3～98.2万元。     

四川盆地极端暴雨水汽输送特征分析

论文利用1961—2015年四川盆地104个国家气象站资料和同期NCEP资料,筛选四川盆地极端暴雨过程并进行分型,引入拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型（HYSPLIT 4）,定量分析了不同类型极端暴雨过程850 hPa和700 hPa上的水汽输送特征。结果表明：1）四川盆地全盆移动型和盆西型极端暴雨不同层次上的水汽输送轨迹有所不同。850 hPa上全盆移动型水汽输送轨迹主要有4条,而盆西型主要有5条;700 hPa上全盆移动型和盆西型水汽轨迹都主要有3条。2）不同后向追踪时间,两类极端暴雨过程850 hPa的水汽来源大值区有所不同。后向追踪1 d,两类极端暴雨过程的水汽来源大值区都出现在西南地区东部;后向追踪3 d,全盆移动型的水汽大值区出现在两广交界处以及北部湾附近,而盆西型的水汽大值区出现在湖北西部至两广交界处以及印度半岛北部;后向追踪9 d,两类极端暴雨过程相同的水汽来源大值区为斯里兰卡岛附近的印度洋洋面,此外,全盆移动型的另一个大值区为菲律宾岛附近的太平洋洋面,盆西型的另一个大值区为中南半岛东部沿海。3）追踪到不同类型极端暴雨过程不同层次上的水汽源地,并定量分析了不同水汽源地的贡献率。850 hPa上全盆移动型主要水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾地区、西太平洋、东亚大陆及临海。盆西型主要水汽源地也有3个：南海、孟加拉湾、中国东部及沿海;700 hPa上全盆移动型水汽源地有3个：阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾-南海、东海。盆西型主要水汽源地有2个：孟加拉湾和南海。     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions using the macroalga Caulerpa racemosa

Sediment bulk parameters and fatty acid biomarkers were used to investigate the relative contribution of major sources of particulate organic matter during upwelling and non-upwelling conditions, at organic enriched sites on the south-eastern Brazilian coast. The degradation state of the organic material and its implications for benthic food webs were also evaluated. Temperature and salinity values indicate the intrusion of the South Atlantic Central Water in spring with a strong influence at station 4S. C:N ratios and fatty acid biomarkers suggest that sedimentary particulate organic matter is mainly autochthonous and originated from phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria, with a minor terrestrial contribution. Short-chain saturated fatty acids predominated, indicating the prevalence of partially degraded detritus. An exception was station 4S, where polyunsaturated fatty acids dominated, indicating the input of labile organic matter linked to upwelling of the South Atlantic Central Water. Fatty acid concentrations and the organic carbon content of the sediments suggest that food quantity is not a limiting factor for benthic fauna. Despite the high organic background of the sediments, the sporadic inputs of labile organic matter associated with South Atlantic Central Water intrusions may produce an important impact on benthic fauna and on the biogeochemistry of the sediments.     

Morphological and chemical characteristics of atmospheric particles in the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley (Mexico)

Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy has been used for both morphological and elemental chemistry analyses of atmospheric particles. This technique allows the in situ observation of individual aerosol particles in the sample chamber. Aerotransported particles were analysed from seven monitoring stations located in the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley (MZTV). Several different morphologies were identified: aggregates, porous spheres, rough and smooth compact material. The elemental composition included C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Mn, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce. These are semiquantitative analyses considering the bulk sample or individual particles. It was possible to correlate or confirm some chemical associations such as C–S, Ca–S–O and Si–Al–O, probably due to the presence of compounds derived from incomplete combustion, building tailing materials and aluminosilicates of cortical origin. Bioaerosols such as pollen, spores, brochosomes and diatoms were identified in the zone; all these types of particles have a natural origin too. Several types of suspended particles were identified in the MZTV, they were from different sources (natural and anthropogenic) to which the population can be potentially exposed, and may cause harm in the short- and long-term, according to their chemical element composition and size.     

基于公众健康的大气环境风险源定量分级方法

目前国内针对化工企业大气环境风险源的突发泄漏事故健康风险分级方法较少.通过设定可信最严重事故场景,计算环境风险源在现有风险管理水平和当地可预期气象条件下的事故影响概率和健康危害,获得健康风险(包括急性暴露风险、死亡风险和综合健康风险)并划分风险源等级,由此建立了一种考虑公众健康的大气环境风险源定量分级方法.将方法应用于太原市某化工企业液氯储罐区健康风险评估,获得了各风向下的事故影响概率、后果和风险玫瑰图,显示风险源的健康风险与周边公众的分布特征密切相关.在可信最严重事故场景下,综合风险最大值为4.88×10-6,特征风向为S风向,风险源等级为极高风险(Ⅰ级).      

C市饮用水源风险评价实例分析

保护饮用水源、保障饮用安全是目前我国环境保护工作的重要任务.借鉴了美国科罗拉多州地表饮用水源风险评价的方法和思路,并根据C市饮用水源的特点,从污染物迁移可能性、污染危害、泄漏可能性以及污染物的量4个方面对C市136个饮用水源遭受污染的风险进行了定量和定性评价.结果表明:有5个饮用水源属于高风险级别,需要对其实施优先管理.这5个高风险的饮用水源具有共同的环境污染特点,即饮用水源保护区内土地利用率高、农业面源范围广,并且点源数量多、污染大. 风险评价结果与饮用水源保护区内的污染源特点表现出良好的一致性,同时也表明加强饮用水源保护区内的污染源防治工作是保障饮用水源免受污染的重要举措.      

燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施的生命周期评价

为了推动生命周期评价的应用和发展并为我国制定燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施的近期规划提供参考,根据现有的生产、储存和输运氢的技术,针对燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施,设计了10种可行方案,运用生命周期评价方法对这些方案的环境影响进行了全面评价,得到了每种方案的分类环境效应标准化指标,并对若干参数进行了敏感性分析.结果表明,环境性最好的燃料电池汽车氢源基础设施方案是:天然气集中制氢厂制氢,然后用管道将氢气输运到加注站,加注给以氢气为燃料的燃料电池汽车.     

Important organic matter sources and trophic pathways for the nutrition of Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829) and Valamugil buchanani (Bleeker, 1853) in Pangani macro-tidal estuary,Tanzania

The study investigated the spatial variation in the main sources of organic matter (OM) and trophic pathways for zooplanktivorous Hilsa kelee and phytodetritivorous Valamugil buchanani in fresh-water-influenced zone versus sea-water-dominated zone of Pangani estuary. The findings indicated significant inter-specific variations in δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values (ANOVA, F?≥?84.3, p?F?≥?9.4, p?=?0.001) in both estuarine zones. Results also showed significant zonal-intraspecific variations in stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N), FA profile and marginal differences in diet for the V. buchanani while no considerable differences were observed for H. kelee from two estuarine zones. The isotope mixing models and FA biomarkers revealed that the most important carbon sources to the nutrition of H. kelee were derived from microphytobenthos, macro-algae and sea grasses transferred through phytoplankton and detrital trophic pathways. In contrast, C₃ terrestrial plants and microphytobenthos were the main carbon source to the diet of V. buchanani; and were transferred via the benthic and detrital trophic pathways. Therefore, both terrestrial and in-situ OM sources were the main trophic resources base fuelling the planktonic and benthic food webs in Pangani estuary.     

中国生活源挥发性有机物排放清单

生活源已成为重要的挥发性有机物（VOCs）人为排放源之一.构建了系统的中国生活源VOCs排放源分类方法和核算体系,在此基础上建立了2010~2018年中国生活源VOCs排放清单,并对生活源VOCs排放重要源类和省份等进行识别,最后对生活源VOCs控制提出了对策建议.结果表明,2018年中国生活源VOCs排放量为2518 kt.建筑装饰、沥青道路铺装、餐饮油烟和农村家用生物质使用是贡献最大的4类源,合计占比69.22%.家庭日化用品使用和居民生活和商业煤炭使用贡献相当,占比分别为10.43%和9.98%.此外,汽车修补也有一定的贡献,占比为7.75%.山东、四川、河南、广东、江苏和河北是VOCs排放贡献最大的6个省份,合计占生活源VOCs排放总量的36.01%.2010~2018年期间,中国生活源VOCs排放先以0.43%的速度增加,2013年达到峰值排放后开始下降,下降速度为2.23%.下降原因一方面与居民生活用能的清洁化,以及北方地区大力推进清洁取暖使生活煤炭、生物质消耗逐步减少等有关,另一方面与该阶段部分地区房屋建设逐步趋于饱和导致全国年房屋竣工面积减少有一定贡献.建议全面深入推进建筑装饰、餐饮油烟和汽车修补综合治理,同时关注沥青道路铺装VOCs排放和控制;持续优化生活源能源使用结构,因地制宜、多措并举地推进民用燃煤和家用生物质燃烧污染治理.     

龙岩市某铁锰矿区土壤重金属地球化学空间分布特征与来源分析

采集了龙岩市某铁锰矿区基岩-不同层位土壤配套样品,测试了其中重金属Pb、Cd和As含量,采用普通克里金插值法,研究了土壤中3种重金属元素的地球化学空间分布特征,分析了Pb、Cd和As的来源.结果表明,研究区地处汇水盆地中,高含量Pb和As主要分布于工作区西部靠近露天采场的区域,中部两支河流交汇处及东部废石堆附近,而Cd大面积集中于西部露天采场周边及选矿厂附近.从水平剖面看,3种重金属在土壤各层位高值区域的含量变化整体表现为随着与矿区水平距离的增加而逐渐降低的趋势.从垂向剖面看,重金属在不同层位土壤间的相关度高.Pb、Cd和As在西部距离露天采场较近的区域,含量随深度增加呈先升高再降低的趋势.在其他高值区域,3种重金属含量随深度增加而降低.不同层位土壤Pb和As含量与花岗岩、闪长岩中的含量均呈显著正相关关系,Pb和As继承了矿床及其周边母岩的特性.研究区重金属As虽受到矿山开采等人为影响,但影响程度不高.部分点位母质（岩）自身具有较高含量的重金属,同时,土壤中重金属Pb和Cd的含量显著高于岩石含量,甚至远远超过土壤风险筛选值,受工矿业、交通运输和农业生产等人类活动影响较大,存在点源污染,需关注其对农产品质量安全、农作物生长及土壤生态环境可能产生的风险.