生物滴滤塔反硝化净化NO 废气的启动

采用低浓度NO 废气作为气相氮源、硝酸钠作为液相氮源,在序批式活性污泥法反应器(SBR)中的NO 反硝化菌驯化成熟的基础上,研究了生物滴滤塔的启动过程.结果表明,在室温、NO 进气浓度(160mg/m³)、停留时间(EBRT)113s 的条件下,接种驯化成熟种污泥的生物滴滤塔在9d 内完成挂膜.硝酸盐是影响驯化过程中NO 净化效果和N2O 产生量的重要因素,添加适量硝酸盐有助于NO 反硝化菌的正常生长,提高NO 净化效率;但硝酸盐过多时会导致中间产物N₂O 的累积.在滴滤塔挂膜启动期间,循环液吸光度、填料层压力损失与NO 净化效率呈正相关性,可作为衡量生物滴滤塔挂膜启动完成的重要指标.     

川西北至重庆市土壤剖面中有机氯农药的组成特征

用 GC-ECD 气相色谱仪对川西北至重庆市土壤剖面中的有机氯农药进行了分析.结果表明,总有机氯农药浓度为0.71~28.94ng/g,HCHs 和 DDTs 的浓度分别为0.06~2.10ng/g 和0.12~27.04 ng/g. 分析推测,部分地区有新的HCHs 和DDTs 输入. DDTs 的残留水平随着高程的增加呈跳跃式下降的趋势,而HCHs 的浓度分布则比较均匀.高海拔地区有机氯农药的大量残留证明了大气传输和山风作用是造成有机氯农药迁移、聚集的重要因素.     

黑曲霉产酸淋滤去除污染土壤中的重金属

研究了利用黑曲霉产酸淋滤去除污染土壤中重金属的生物修复过程.在不同土壤和培养基比(w/v)5%, 10%, 20%情况下,添加黑曲霉的蔗糖和矿物盐培养基以产生有机酸,淋滤去除污染土壤中重金属.结果表明,一步生物淋滤修复过程中,当固液比为5%、修复时间为7d 时,冶炼厂土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb 和Zn 去除率分别为25.2%, 98.3%, 30.2%, 15.7%;张士灌区污染土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb 和Zn 去除率分别为27.1%,36.8%, 0%, 7.6%.二步生物淋滤修复过程中,当固液比为10%、修复时间为9d 时,冶炼厂土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb 和Zn 的去除率分别为67.4%, 86%,23.3%和7.6%;张士灌区污染土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb 和Zn 的去除率分别为55.2%, 85.7%, 7.8%和18.1%.     

演马矿煤矸石堆周围环境中重金属分布特征

以焦作市演马矿煤矸石堆为对象,检测分析其周围土壤、地下水和植物中的重金属含量,并结合当地的地形地貌、土壤性质和地下水动力条件,研究煤矸石堆放与环境污染之间的联系. 根据地形地貌、地下水流向和风向,在演马矿煤矸石堆周围布置土壤、地下水和植物采样点,检测分析pH和重金属(如Pb,Mn,Zn,Cu,Cr和Cd)含量及分布规律. 结果表明:煤矸石堆放是造成周围环境污染的重要因素,煤矸石释放的重金属大部分被土壤所吸附,所检测的6种重金属在土壤中均被检出,其中部分点位的Zn和Cd含量已经超过土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准;土壤中重金属可以进一步向地下水和植物传递,地下水中Mn含量与煤矸石堆的距离呈负相关,植物叶中Pb的含量最高,叶和茎中重金属含量表现出与煤矸石堆的相关性;矿坑排水、锅炉房飘尘也是造成周围环境重金属污染的重要来源.      

疏水性有机污染物在草甸土中的吸附和解吸行为

研究5种有机污染物在草甸土中的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,污染物在土壤中的吸附主要受疏水性作用的影响,吸附数据基本符合传统的线性模型.解吸行为则表现出明显的滞后现象,解吸实验结果与"双元平衡解吸(DED)模型"的预测值相吻合.DED模型能够更加准确地定量描述疏水性有机污染物的解吸行为.     

硫代硫酸钠溶液修复重金属污染土壤的两种回收技术对比

研究了Na2S2O3溶液对污染土壤中Cu,Cd和Pb的去除能力,以及Na2S2O3萃取这三种金属分离技术的对比.结果表明,Na2S2O3溶液能有效地从土壤中萃取这三种金属,其萃取效率依次为:Cu>Cd>Pb.Na2S 沉淀分离法和阳离子交换树脂交换法均能分离出Na2S2O3萃取液中的Cu和Cd,去除率均达99%.但用Na2S2O3溶液萃取碱性土壤中的重金属时,阳离子交换树脂交换法分离重金属的效果较好,萃取酸性土壤中的重金属则用Na2S 沉淀分离法效果较好.     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中溴代阻燃剂的方法

溴代阻燃剂种类较多,具有难降解性和生物蓄积性.目前,分析四溴双酚A和十溴联苯醚主要是采用GC-MS,这种方法灵敏度不高.六溴环十二烷受温度影响严重,易分解,不适于用GC-MS分析. 本实验用液相色谱-质谱进行分析,建立了一套简单灵敏的分析方法,并将其用于土壤样品的分析中.     

Qualitative analysis and quantitative simulation on Yin-Huang water salinization mechanism in Bei-Da-Gang reservoir

Yellow River water transfer for Tianjin is important in solving the water shortage in Tianjin, which facilitate economic development and social progress for many years. Fresh water drawn from Yellow River（ i. e., Yin-Huang water） becomes saltier and saltier when being stored in the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir. We qualitatively analyze the water salinization mechanism based on mass transfer theory. The main factors are salinity transfer of saline soil, evaporation concentrating, and the agitation of wind. A simulative experimental pond and an evaporation pond were built beside the Bei-Da-Gang reservoir to quantitatively investigate the water salinization based on water and solute balance in the simulative pond. 80% of increased [Cl^-] is due to the salinity transfer of the saline soil and the other 20% is due to evaporation concentrating, so the former is the most important factor. We found that the salinization of Yin-Huang water can be described with a zero-dimension linear model.     

Changes in soil microbial community structure associated with two types of genetically engineered plants analyzing by PLFA

With the rapid expansion of GEPs(genetically engineered plants), people are more and more concerned about the ecological risks brought by their release. Assessing the effect of GEPs on soil microbial ecology is indispensable to study their ecological risks. In our study, the phospholipids fatty acid(PLFA) method was used to analyze the microbial community of soil samples collected from fields with two types of GEPs-Bt transgenic com and PVY( potato virus Y) cell protein gene transgenic potato. The principal components analysis(PCA) showed all controls were on the right of related GEPs samples along the PC1 (the first principal component) axis, which means a decrease of fungi in soils with genetically engineered crop since most of PLFAs that are strongly positively correlated with PC1 represent fungi. For samples collected from Bt transgenic cornfield, the ratios of gram-positive to gram-negative bacteria were less than those of controls. For samples of transgenic potato field, these ratios were lower than those of controls when soils were collected from deep layer(20-40 cm), but were higher when soils collected from surface layer(0-20 cm). For soils collected from 0-20 cm, the ratios of fungi to bacteria for all GEPs samples were at the same level. So were such rations for all controls. Changes of soil microbial community in two types of GEPs fields were detected in our study, but the causes and more information still needs further study.     

小分子有机酸对蛇纹岩发育土壤Ni、Co的活化影响

研究了不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸对蛇纹岩发育土壤镍(Ni)、钴(Co)的活化效果.结果表明,在较低浓度(<10mmol/L)时,3种有机酸对土壤中的Ni、Co活化效果均较差.柠檬酸对元江、墨江土壤Ni的最大活化比例分别为9.1%、12.9%,远大于其他2种有机酸(P<0.05).各有机酸活化能力的大小为柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸,同时Ni、Co活化量之间存在一定的相关性.基于结合率与Ni、Co活化量的考虑,在蛇纹岩发育土壤的化学修复或螯合诱导植物修复中,10～30mmol/L的有机酸是较为适合的浓度.草酸在50mmol/L时,对Ni、Co的活化效果有所降低.