Zn、Cu和Pb在无齿相手蟹体内的积累和分布

以长江河口湿地生态系统中一种习见的大型底栖动物无齿相手蟹Sesarm dehaani为研究对象，分析了Zn、Cu和Pb在该动物体内的积累和分布特性。结果表明，无齿相手蟹对这3种重金属的积累在不同部位间均存在着显著的差异，而在不同样点间差异都不显著。动物对Zn和Cu积累能力最强的部位都是鳃，最弱的部位分别是内脏和螯肢。无齿相手蟹各部位对和Pb的积累均很低，且对Pb的排泄明显大于吸收。污染评价表明，本研究所有样点的无齿相手蟹均还没有受到Zn、Cu和Pb的污染。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水样中总铬问题的探讨

石墨炉原子吸收法测定水样中总铬时，不同酸介质对测定有影响，实验表明用硝酸加硫酸处理水样，在硫酸介质中测定结果稳定，灵敏度高，本方法的特征质量为11pg/0.0044A，检出限为30pg,标准加入回收率为90～105%，对于含铬为0.027mg/L的水样平行测定11次计算相对标准偏差为7.04%。     

硫酸盐对高浓度黑液二相厌氧处理的影响

用二相ＵＡＳＢ反应器处理碱法草浆黑液，酸化相为８．８７Ｌ的普通升流式反应器，甲烷相为２８．７５Ｌ的ＵＡＳＢ反应器，系统温度３５±１℃。结果表明：当酸化相进水ＣＯＤ５５１３￣９５５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＯ４＾２－８３７０￣１０４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ值为５．５时，二相系统ＣＯＤ去除率为７６．１８％。     

La-Na-Co-Mn-O系钙钛矿型催化剂同时去除柴油机碳颗粒和NO_x性能的研究

采用低温燃烧法制备了Na+部分取代La3+的La1-xNaxCo0.5Mn0.5O3系钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂。利用程序升温反应(TPR)技术,对催化剂应用于柴油机常规排放物中的碳微粒(soot)和氮氧化合物(NOx)的同时催化脱除性能进行了研究。     

碳氮结构空心管材料及其对钍离子的吸附性能研究

目的合成碳氮结构空心管材料,用于稀土矿山开采中放射性钍离子的吸附去除,方法通过三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸超分子自组装,经水热碳化及高温热解,制备碳氮结构空心管材料.采用SEM、XRD等对材料进行表征.在不同热解温度和pH值下进行钍离子吸附实验,比较不同钍离子的初始浓度和吸附时间下吸附容量的差异.结果600℃时,材料形貌为均匀的中空管状结构;pH=3.5,热解温度为800℃时,材料最大吸附容量达到133.87 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型且遵从准二级动力学规律.结论碳氮结构空心管材料对钍离子具有良好的吸附效果,有望用于稀土开采过程中产生的放射性废钍离子的去除.     

Topsoil organic carbon mineralization and CO2 evolution of three paddy soils from South China and the temperature dependence

Carbon mineralization and its response to climatic warming have been receiving global attention for the last decade. Although the virtual influence of temperature effect is still in great debate, little is known on the mineralization of organic carbon （SOC） of paddy soils of China under warming. SOC mineralization of three major types of China＇s paddy soils is studied through laboratory incubation for 114 d under soil moisture regime of 70% water holding capacity at 20℃ and 25℃ respectively. The carbon that mineralized as CO2 evolved was measured every day in the first 32 d and every two days in the following days. Carbon mineralized during the 114 d incubation ranged from 3.51 to 9.22 mg CO2-C/gC at 20℃ and from 4.24 to 11.35 mg CO2-C/gC at 25℃ respectively; and a mineralizable C pool in the range of 0.24 to 0.59 gC/kg, varying with different soils. The whole course of C mineralization in the 114 d incubation could be divided into three stages of varying rates, representing the three subpools of the total mineralizable C： very actively mineralized C at 1-23 d, actively tnineralized C at 24--74 d and a slowly mineralized pool with low and more or less stabilized C mineralization rate at 75-114 d. The calculated Q10 values ranged from 1.0 to 2.4, varying with the soil types and N status. Neither the total SOC pool nor the labile C pool could account for the total mineralization potential of the soils studied, despite a well correlation of labile C with the shortly and actively mineralized C, which were shown in sensitive response to soil warming. However, the portion of microbial C pool and the soil C/N ratio controlled the C mineralization and the temperature dependence. Therefore, C sequestration may not result in an increase of C mineralization proportionally. The relative control of C bioavailability and microbial metabolic activity on C mineralization with respect to stabilization of sequestered C in the paddy soils of China is to be further studied.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

芝罘湾沉积物中可提取相重金属研究

讨论了芝罘湾沉积物酸提取相中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｌｉ、Ｋ的分特征，及其在环境中的赋存形式，并与其它海区资料相比，得出该湾沉积物已受到重金属污染的结论。     

天津野生鲫鱼体内壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和壬基酚监测

采用GCB固相萃取作为净化方法 ,利用LC ESI MS技术测定鱼体内不同聚合度壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 (NPnEO ,n≥ 3) ;用GC MS技术测定NP和NPnEO(n <3) .此方法与传统的氧化铝法相比较 ,GCB固相萃取作为净化方法的回收率较高 ,不同聚合度的NPnEO回收率为 70 4 %— 12 0 % ;方法检测限为 1ng g.用此方法调查了北京排污河中鲫鱼体内的NPnEO的残留情况 ,在所捕获的 12条鲫鱼中均检出了不同浓度的NPnEO和NP .NPnEO在北京排污河天津段鱼体内的残留浓度为 4 0— 6 80ng g ,NP的浓度在 30— 15 10ng g ,和水体中浓度之间的比值分别为 898和 94倍 .