富营养化水体细菌去除氮磷能力研究

微生物既是营养物质的分解者,又是生产者。研究浮游细菌和根际细菌在植物+微生物复合水生态系统中的作用机理及影响因素,对合理选择和使用水体净化的水生高等植物具有重要意义。实验以常见水生漂浮植物荇菜为实验材料,设计总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)两个浓度梯度,每个梯度各设5个浓度,研究水体氮磷营养物质浓度和细菌数量的变化。浮游细菌和根际细菌总数的变化以及它们与TN、TP去除率之间的相关性分析表明,无论在总磷或总氮浓度梯度中,浮游细菌、根际细菌总数的增量基本都与TN去除率呈正相关性,而与TP去除率的相关性不大明显,浮游细菌的总数是在第7天达到最大值。在植物+微生物系统去除氮、磷过程中,对氮的去除以细菌为主,包括浮游细菌和根际细菌;对磷的去除则以植物吸收为主,根际磷细菌也起了一定的作用。因此,在一些富营养化水体,尤其是氮浓度较高的富营养化水体,荇菜是一种较好的水体净化植物。     

两株高效好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮效率

从水稻土和活性污泥中分离到两株可以在好氧条件下进行反硝化作用的细菌ZW23和ZW27.通过对这两株细菌的形态观察和生理生化特征,以及16S rDNA序列测定认为菌株ZW23和ZW27分别是假单胞菌属类产碱杆菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)和假单胞菌属门多萨菌(Pseudomonas mendocina).好氧培养条件下,在初始氮源约为280.00mg·L-1的反应体系中,两株细菌在12h内均引起体系中总氮显著下降,削减率分别达66.43%和65.54%,其余总氮几乎全部转化为内源氮.脱氮速率分别达到约21.72mg·L-1·h-1和22.31 mg·L-1·h-1,比现已分离出的兼性好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮速率要快得多.反应过程中没有检测到亚硝态氮和氨态氮的积累.菌株ZW23和ZW27是两株典型的高效兼性好氧反硝化细菌,具有重要的应用价值.     

Potential neoplastic effects of parathion-methyl on rat liver

The mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of parathion-methyl were examined by bacterial reverse assay and a long term experiment with Wistar rats. The potential mutagenic effect of parathion-methyl in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 bacterial cells was observed without rat liver S9 metabolic activation. Parathion-methyl was further investigated for pathological changes in rat pancreas and liver. The long-term rat experiments showed that parathion-methyl exposure for 3 months can cause pathological changes in rat pancreases acinar cells and pancreatic hepatocytes. Atypical acinar cell focuses (AACF) were determined in the liver and pancreas of the rats. The results from short-term Ames test and long-term rat experiments suggest that parathion-methyl would be potential carcinogenic.     

染料脱色微生物的筛选及其脱色条件的研究

实验通过富集驯化培养,从南昌市某织染厂废水中筛选分离到14株细菌菌株,经测定14株菌株对染料直接大红具有不同程度的脱色能力。其中脱色率在50%以上的菌株有12株,占总菌株数的85.7%;脱色率在70%以上的有8株,占总菌株数的57.1%;脱色率在80%以上的有4株,占总菌株数的28.6%。菌株Z03的脱色率达84.2%,为脱色能力最强的菌株。试验以菌株Z03进行脱色条件研究。通过采取L(93)4正交设计方案,考虑温度、pH值、溶解氧和培养时间四因素。试验结果表明该菌株的最佳培养条件为温度35℃,pH7,装量40mL的厌氧条件,在该条件下,菌株Z03的脱色率达到89.6%。     

1株类球红细菌及其降解敌敌畏的特性

类球红细菌具有广泛的代谢方式,它能够发酵生产5-氨基乙酰丙酸、辅酶Q₁₀、类胡萝卜素、氢气等,已经成为一种非常有工业化开发潜力的微生物.从土壤中分离、筛选了１株类球红细菌（编号为EBL0706）,分析了它的培养和遗传特性,测定了水溶液的pH、温度、敌敌畏浓度、类球红细菌浓度对其降解敌敌畏速率的影响,结果表明,该菌株在水溶液中能够快速矿化敌敌畏,在pH 6.9～7.5、温度20～50℃条件下,在5×10⁸ CFU/mL的类球红细菌稀释液中,400 mg/L的敌敌畏在12　h内降解率达到98％以上.该菌株发酵液的稀释液喷洒到幼苗期的白菜叶片上,能够显著加快残留敌敌畏降解速度,显示出其在无公害农产品生产中的应用潜力.     

PCR-DGGE技术在内源细菌选择性激活过程中的应用

分子生态学技术的发展大大促进了人们对环境中微生物群落的认识,也为研究油藏微生物群落提供了一个新的工具.在模拟油藏条件下,应用PCRDGGE技术研究激活剂的注入对油藏微生物群落结构的影响,考察了激活过程中菌群结构的变化情况.分析了常压（1 MPa）和高压（10 MPa）下内源激活DGGE条带变化,进行了激活过程中的PCR序列分析,考察了激活不同阶段中的优势菌,将优势条带序列构建系统发育树,并对激活过程中主要内源菌所在类群分析.结果表明,高压条件下,优势菌群结构与常压下差异较大,常压激活和高压激活细菌类群数量变化差异显著;激活后,优势菌的种类有所增加,群落结构也发生了变化.激活前,优势菌是芽孢杆菌,而激活剂的加入使变形菌的在种类上得到增加.     

Disruption of biofilms from sewage pipes under physical and chemical conditioning

Biofilms grown inside two sewage collecting pipes located in industrial and residential areas are studied. Bacterial biomass inside three layers of biofilms was evaluated. Biofilm cohesion under different mixing rate and ionic strength was also investigated. Effects of physical and chemical parameters in the biofilms were evaluated by monitoring turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Extracted organic matter from biofilms was partitioned to polar, aromatic and saturated fractions using activated silica column chromatography. Results revealed that bacterial biomass growth depending on biofilm thickness and stratification. The most loaded stratum in bacterial biomass was the sewage-biofilm interface stratum that represented 51% of the total bacterial biomass. Stirring rate and ionic strength of mono and bivalent salts showed a major influence in biofilm disruption. The stirring time enhanced the exchange dynamic and matter capture between biofilm fragments at the critical stirring rate 90 r/min. Sodium chloride showed the dispersing effect on biofilms in suspension, and decreased the BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) beyond the physiological salt concentration.     

Characteristics of the microbial communities in the integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands

Microorganisms play an important role in removing pollutants from constructed wetlands. We investigated the microbial characteristics in a novel integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland (IVCW), which has been in operation in Wuhan, China since 1998. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and amoA gene to analyze the structure and diversity of the microbial community within the IVCW. PLFA results suggested that the amount of bacterial PLFA was significantly higher than that of fungal PLFA, but the total microbial biomass represented by PLFA index was low in the system. Microbial spatial distribution showed significantly higher bacterial (both G⁺ and G⁻) and fungal biomass in the surface than in the subsurface layers. The ratios of monounsaturated to branched PLFA demonstrated that an anaerobic layer sandwiched by two aerobic layers existed in the IVCW, consistent with the redox potential results. Analysis of the amoA revealed the presence of Nitrosomonas-like sequences in the surface substrate of the downflow chamber and apparent diversities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the system. These results suggest that microorganisms, despite their relatively low biomass, have inhabited the IVCW, and the results will offer some valuable information on microbe to system designers and managers.     

溶藻细菌W5培养条件优化及发酵培养

文章探索了溶藻细菌W5的发酵工艺,研究了碳源、氮源、温度、培养时间等因素对其生长和溶藻效果的影响,并通过正交实验方法研究各因素之间的交互作用。将W5扩大至10L的发酵罐培养,结果表明,发酵液的溶藻效果与摇瓶培养的结果一致:当发酵液与铜绿微囊藻藻液按1:100混合时,溶藻效果可达82%,比优化前的溶藻效果提高了10倍。     

微生物对煤系固体废弃物淋滤液污染性影响

煤矸石和粉煤灰是煤矿区的两种主要废弃物,它们不仅占用大量的土地,同时也对矿区环境产生了严重污染。分别接种氧化硫硫杆菌和解磷细菌于煤矸石和粉煤灰中,通过柱状淋滤试验研究微生物对两种固体废弃物淋滤液污染性的影响。结果表明:煤矸石中添加氧化硫硫杆菌能显著脱除煤矸石中的硫,同时淋滤液中也生成了大量的H+和铁离子,使淋滤液中硫酸根和磷酸根离子浓度显著增大,超出了GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》的指标。粉煤灰中添加解磷菌能显著提高淋滤液中的磷含量和电导率,但对淋滤液的pH、SO42-和铁离子影响不明显。氧化硫硫杆菌和解磷细菌对煤矸石和粉煤灰混合工艺处理效果较好,粉煤灰在一定程度上降低了硫、磷和铁的污染性。