Fractionation of heavy metals in shallow marine sediments from Jinzhou Bay, China

This work investigated the distribution and speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn in the shallow sediments of Jinzhou Bay, Northeast China, which has been heavily contaminated by nonferrous smelting activities. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Pb in sediments were found to be 100, 13 and 7 times, respectively, being higher than the national guideline (GB 18668-2002). Sequential extraction test showed that 39%-61% of Cd were exchangeable fractions, indicating that Cd in the sediments posed a high risk to local...     

Heavy metal （Pb,Zn） uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four wetland plants with different radial oxygen loss

Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

广州市污水污泥中的重金属及其农用探讨

分析了广州市6种污水污泥中重金属(Zn,Cu,Pb,Cr,Mn和Ni)质量分数及其存在形态,并对污泥农业利用过程中施用的最大量进行了估算.结果表明:广州不同来源污水污泥中.(Cu),w(Zn),w(Mn)和,(Ni)较高,变幅较大,而w( Ph )和w( Cr)低.除一种污泥中w(Cu)超标外,其他重金属基本符合国家农用控制标准(G1318918-2002),但所有污泥中重金属质量分数都超过广州市农田土壤平均值.不同重金属以及同一重金属在不同污泥中的形态分布也不同,其中Zn,Mn和Ni的潜在迁移性强,Cu和Cr中的还原态占有很大的比例,污泥中Pb主要以还原态和残渣态存在.根据广州市主要旱地赤红色土壤静态环境容量和动态环境容量计算表明,污泥农用过程中Cu和Zn是主要监控污染元素,不同来源污泥的最大施用量有明显差异.为保证土壤环境的安全,建议将Cu和Zn作为控制城市污水污泥农用过程中最高施用量的计算参考指标.     

土壤铜硒复合污染中金属形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响

采用土培盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了Cu、Se复合污染土壤中2种金属的形态转化及其对生物有效性的影响.结果表明,在未污染土壤中,Cu主要以残渣态存在,Se主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在.在外源Cu、Se污染土壤中,平衡后(14 d),外源Cu主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Se主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态存在;小白菜收获后,土壤中的Cu向有机结合态转化,而Se向铁锰氧化物结合态转化.外源Cu与土壤结合程度(IR值)均随外源Cu和Se浓度升高而逐渐降低;而Se与土壤结合程度(IR值)与外源Cu浓度无关,随外源Se浓度升高而下降.S型曲线拟合方程表明,适量的Se(≤10mg.kg-1)可以促进小白菜对Cu的吸收,同样适量的Cu(≤400 mg.kg-1)能促进小白菜对Se的吸收.土壤的Cu、Se的IR值与小白菜体内Cu、Se含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),小白菜种植前后土壤中可交换态和有机结合态铜和硒的变化量与小白菜地上、地下含量也呈显著相关(P<0.05).因此,土壤元素的IR值和作物种植前后该元素形态的变化量均可作为评价重金属生物有效性的指标.     

废弃尾矿库15种植物对重金属Pb、Zn的积累和养分吸收

在废弃的铅锌尾矿库进行人工植被恢复试验.对3年生15种植物重金属积累和养分吸收特性的研究表明,植物对土壤重金属和养分的吸收积累因植物种类、部位、金属种类和种植时间的不同而有显著差异.树木不同器官Pb质量浓度高低的总趋势为根〉叶〉茎,部分树种Zn质量浓度表现为叶〉根和茎;在15种参试植物中,加拿大紫荆根系Pb和Zn质量浓度均处于最高水平（分别为1 803 mg.kg-1和2 120 mg.kg-1）,盐肤木具有最高的茎枝Pb、叶片Pb和Zn质量浓度（分别为280、546和1 507 mg.kg-1）,旱柳具有最高的茎枝Zn质量浓度（729 mg.kg-1）和较高的叶片Zn质量浓度（1 153 mg.kg-1）.枫香、紫花苜蓿对Pb,旱柳、盐肤木、紫花苜蓿对Zn的转移系数TF值均〉1.植物Pb的富集系数BCF值均小于0.17,旱柳、盐肤木、紫花苜蓿Zn的BCF值达0.37～0.43.固氮植物体内N含量显著高于其它植物,火炬树、臭椿对P和夹竹桃对K的吸收积累能力强.随着种植时间的增加,植株体内有重金属质量浓度增加、营养元素含量下降的趋势.盐肤木、旱柳等重金属积累树种及紫穗槐、紫花苜蓿、截叶胡枝子、桤木等固氮植物在铅锌尾矿治理中具有应用前景.     

脱硫石膏对酸化森林土壤短期修复效果的研究

以电厂脱硫石膏为修复剂,选取重庆铁山坪地区典型的酸化森林土壤为修复对象,进行了为期1 a的修复效果研究.对不同土层土壤溶液pH值、主要阴阳离子和重金属浓度的动态变化展开观测,并对土壤和脱硫石膏的重金属含量进行分析,以评价脱硫石膏的修复效果及存在的风险.结果表明,与对照样地相比,修复样地各层土壤溶液Ca2＋和SO24-的浓度随时间依次升高,pH值也略有上升,且年均n（Ca）/n（Al）摩尔比从2.16、1.35和0.88升高到2.58、1.52和1.12.土壤溶液中As、Cu、Cr、Ni和Zn的浓度并未检测到明显上升,只是Cr、Ni和Zn在土壤上层出现了轻微富集.脱硫石膏的处理对酸化土壤起到了改良作用,且未造成土壤溶液重金属浓度明显的升高,但重金属在土壤层的积累会造成潜在的风险,需要进一步开展研究.     

石油污染土壤生物修复过程中氮循环功能基因的动态检测

氮循环相关功能微生物在土壤发挥其生态功能中起着重要的作用.为定量分析其中的固氮细菌、反硝化细菌和硝化细菌在石油污染土壤生物修复过程中的演变情况,采用了实时定量PCR技术对其相关功能基因nifH、narG和amoA的拷贝数进行检测.结果表明,污染土壤中nifH、narG和amoA基因拷贝数及其占总16S rRNA基因拷贝数的比例远低于正常土壤,修复后土壤中的同类分析结果与正常土壤接近.表明石油污染物破坏了氮循环相关菌落结构,而生物修复则使其得以恢复.进一步分析了不同修复方式下氮循环功能基因的恢复情况以及土壤中石油烃降解率.也表明同时添加秸秆和菌剂具有最好的修复效果,处理40 d后其nifH、narG和amoA基因拷贝数（以干土计）分别恢复到2.68×106、1.71×106和8.54×104g-1,石油烃降解率达到48%.投加真菌-细菌复合菌剂的效果优于只投加细菌菌剂的效果.本研究结果表明氮循环功能基因的动态监测可以从基因和物种水平上反映土壤修复的效果,为土壤修复的监控和效果评估提供参考.     

我国沿海地区城镇污水处理厂污泥重金属污染状况及其处置分析

采用ICP-MS分析法测定了我国3个典型沿海城市广州、上海和大连共13个污水处理厂污泥的7种重金属含量,并与2006年和2001年的数据进行了对比,以了解我国沿海城市污水处理厂重金属污染状况、变化趋势和处置方案.结果表明,我国沿海城市污泥中重金属污染分布存在较大差异,7种重金属平均含量大小顺序为Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb>As>Hg>Cd,Cr、Cu和As的含量超出了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》,污染严重.相对于以前,我国沿海城市污泥中Zn的含量明显减少,Pb、Hg和Cd的含量与没有明显变化,但Cr、Cu、As均明显增加.各区域各类型污水处理厂城市污泥重金属含量分析表明,来源于工业废水的城市污泥中Zn、Cu和Hg的平均含量较生活污水为主的污泥高;广州污水处理厂城市污泥中Cr、Pb、As、Hg和Cd的含量均高于上海和大连.沿海城市污水处理厂中超出《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中污泥农用标准限值的占总调查污水处理厂的23%,我国沿海城市污泥大部分仍可采用污泥农用的有益处置方式进行处置.同时,本次调查数据也为我国沿海城市开展污水污泥海洋倾倒相关技术标准的制定提供了基础数据.     

金铜矿下游农户家养番鸭体内重金属分布特征及其评价

为研究采矿活动及其污染事故对家禽养殖的影响,分别采集了金铜矿下游两岸不同村庄农户家养番鸭10只,分析了鸭肉、鸭肝和鸭血样品中Cu、Hg和As的含量,并对番鸭体内重金属的健康安全进行了评价.结果表明,在相同组织中,Cu含量较Hg和As高.在不同组织中,鸭肝样品中Cu含量最高,平均值为17.20 mg.kg-1,而Hg和As在3个组织间含量无明显差异.金铜矿下游两岸不同村庄农户番鸭样品体内3个组织中Cu、Hg和As的含量均未显示出明显的空间分布规律,表明污染事故及正常的采矿活动未对下游两岸村庄农户家养番鸭样品构成明显影响.所研究番鸭体内3个组织中的Cu、Hg和As的含量都处于正常值范围,且番鸭健康状况未表现出异常.但参照国家食品卫生标准评价结果显示,鸭肝样品中Cu超标率达到100%,最高超标1.74倍,部分鸭肉、鸭血与鸭肝样品中Hg含量也达到较高水平.