磁性壳聚糖凝胶球固定厌氧铁氨氧化菌对废水氨氮去除的影响

厌氧铁氨氧化(ammonium oxidation coupling with iron reduction,Feammox)反应是一种在厌氧条件下,由厌氧铁氨氧化菌驱动,以三价铁为电子受体,氧化氨氮的生物化学途径,它可以用于去除水体中的氨氮.为提高厌氧铁氨氧化菌对氨氮废水处理效果,采用"氢氧化钠共沉淀-溶胶-凝胶"法制备粒径为1~5mm的磁性壳聚糖凝胶球(magnetic chitosan hydrogel beads,MCHBs),将厌氧铁氨氧化菌固定,研究其对废水中氨氮去除效果和影响因素,并与游离厌氧铁氨氧化菌对废水氨氮去除效率作对比.制备的MCHBs进行X射线衍射(XRD)和振动样品磁强(VSM)等表征分析.结果表明,MCHBs为铁磁性、结晶度高,饱和磁化强度达29.46 emu·g~(-1).MCHBs固定厌氧铁氨氧化菌比游离菌具有更高的氨氧化和铁还原速率,平均增幅为42.96%和20.75%,以MCHBs(1~2 mm)固定厌氧铁氨氧化菌的效果最显著(P0.05).进一步研究发现,不适宜氨氮浓度、温度和pH下,MCHBs(1~2 mm)固定厌氧铁氨氧化菌氧化氨氮的能力均比游离菌高.初始氨氮浓度60.00 mg·L~(-1)、温度25℃和pH 4.50时,厌氧铁氨氧化效果较好,主要产物为硝态氮和二价铁,16 d时MCHBs(1~2 mm)固定厌氧铁氨氧化菌对氨氮去除率高达53.62%.这些结果都表明以MCHBs固定厌氧铁氨氧化菌后,能起到增强厌氧铁氨氧化反应去除废水氨氮的目的.     

Reutilize tire in microbial fuel cell for enhancing the nitrogen removal of the anammox process coupled with iron-carbon micro-electrolysis

• MFC promoted the nitrogen removal of anammox with Fe-C micro-electrolysis. • Reutilize pyrolysis waste tire as micro-electrolysis and electrode materials. • Total nitrogen removal efficiency of modified MFC increased to 85.00%. • Candidatus kuenenia and SM1A02 were major genera responsible for nitrogen removal. In this study, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were explored to promote the nitrogen removal performance of combined anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and Fe-C micro-electrolysis (CAE) systems. The average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency of the modified MFC system was 85.00%, while that of the anammox system was 62.16%. Additionally, the effective operation time of this system increased from six (CAE system alone) to over 50 days, significantly promoting TN removal. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the electron transferred from the anode to the cathode, which aided in reducing nitrate/nitrite in denitrification. The H⁺ released through the proton exchange membrane caused a decrease in the pH, facilitating Fe corrosion. The pyrolyzed waste tire used as the cathode could immobilize microorganisms, enhance electron transport, and produce a natural Fe-C micro-electrolysis system. According to the microbial community analysis, Candidatus kuenenia was the major genus involved in the anammox process. Furthermore, the SM1A02 genus exhibited the highest abundance and was enriched the fastest, and could be a novel potential strain that aids the anammox process.     

厌氧铁氨氧化处理模拟垃圾渗滤液的影响因素研究

厌氧条件下,微生物将NH~+_4-N氧化和Fe~(3+)还原的反应称为厌氧铁氨氧化(Feammox).试验以处理垃圾渗滤液的厌氧氨氧化污泥(ANAMMOX)为接种污泥驯化Feammox污泥,研究了不同NH~+_4-N及Fe~(3+)浓度对Feammox系统的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析了Feammox系统不同运行阶段的污泥形态特征.结果表明:在厌氧序批式反应器中,在常温条件下控制进水NH~+_4-N浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、pH在7.4～7.6之间,经过88 d厌氧富集培养后NH~+_4-N最大转化率达到52.73%,最大转化量为28.37 mg·L~(-1),出水Fe~(2+)浓度随着运行时间的增加逐渐增加,最高浓度为2.87 mg·L~(-1).高浓度NH~+_4-N(400 mg·L~(-1))和Fe~(3+)(500 mg·L~(-1))条件下,氨氮转化量分别达到了40.69 mg·L~(-1)和29.23 mg·L~(-1),说明高进水基质条件下仍然有Feammox反应发生.低浓度NH~+_4-N(100 mg·L~(-1))和Fe~(3+)(50 mg·L~(-1))条件下,NH~+_4-N转化量与Fe~(2+)生成量的线性关系较强,R~2分别为0.86544和0.86034.通过SEM分析可得,Feammox污泥表面附着有不规则矿物,这些矿物沉积在微生物细胞表面阻碍传质,从而降低微生物代谢效率.     

处理采矿废水湿地沉积物中厌氧氨氧化过程

氮元素在人工湿地生物地球化学循环中起到了重要作用,因此本文以处理采矿废水人工湿地为研究对象,分析了富硫、富铁沉积物中氨氮的厌氧转化过程及其主要途径.本实验以湿地沉积物为样品,通过添加氨氮和利用乙炔抑制剂的技术手段,探究了水铁矿对减少湿地氮流失的效果.结果发现了湿地中存在厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)以及厌氧氨氧化作用与铁还原耦合的作用过程(anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to iron reduction,Feammox).Feammox可以利用Fe(Ⅲ)氧化氨氮产生氮气,中间产物包括硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、及温室气体N2O等.水铁矿的加入对Feammox过程有促进作用,使得Feammox过程主导的氨氮流失速率从1.69 mg·(kg·d)~(-1)增强到2.72 mg·(kg·d)~(-1),进而使得Feammox过程对氨氮流失的贡献率从28%增加到42%.但同时,水铁矿的加入使得ANAMMOX作用显著地降低,从而使得湿地系统总体氮流失可以减少约25%.研究结果表明水铁矿矿化形成针铁矿而抑制ANAMMOX过程、以及促进Feammox争夺硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化过程(sulfate-reducing anaerobic ammonium oxidation,S-ANAMMOX)电子供体而抑制SANAMMOX过程,达到了减少湿地系统总氮流失的目的.另外,对于进一步认识湿地中铁的氧化还原循环过程同氮循环之间的交互作用具有一定的意义.     

河岸带表层土壤的铁氨氧化(Feammox)脱氮机制的探究

厌氧氨氧化耦合三价铁还原（称为铁氨氧化）是最近发现的一种新的氮循环路径.然而,很少有研究报道河岸带的氮素铁氨氧化路径.本研究采用同位素示踪技术和高通量测序技术,证明了铁氨氧化在河岸带表层土壤（0~20 cm）的存在.结果表明,铁氨氧化过程能够在河岸带4个不同土壤层（A：0~5 cm,B：5~10 cm,C：10~15 cm,D：15~20 cm）发生,铁氨氧化的速率范围介于0.25~0.29 mg·（kg·d）^-1之间,其中B土壤层铁氨氧化速率显著高于其它土层（P<0.05）.此外,铁还原菌与铁氨氧化密切相关,地杆菌属（Geobacter）和厌氧黏细菌（Anaeromyxobacter）作为铁还原菌在4个土壤层均被检出.在B土壤层中,铁还原菌（Anaeromyxobacter和Geobacter）的丰度显著高于其它土壤层（P<0.05）.总之,厌氧氨氧化耦合三价铁还原共同发生表明铁氨氧化是河岸带氮素去除的一条重要路径.     

蓝藻暴发对太湖梅梁湾底泥中铁氨氧化速率的影响

作为近年来新发现的氮循环过程,铁氧化物还原耦合氨氧化（Feammox）越来越受到人们的关注.然而,目前鲜有研究报道蓝藻暴发对湖泊底泥中铁氨氧化速率的影响.因此,本研究采集了湖泊聚藻区和无藻区的底泥,对其理化性质进行分析,同时利用稳定同位素示踪技术测定了铁氨氧化速率,并运用高通量测序技术探究了底泥的微生物群落组成.结果表明,无藻区底泥的铁氨氧化速率为0.29 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,显著高于聚藻区底泥（0.01~0.05 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）,而且铁氨氧化速率与pH、Fe（Ⅲ）和TOC（总有机碳）均具有显著的相关性（p<0.05）.此外,高通量测序结果表明,在不同底泥中6种主要的铁还原菌（Thiobacillus、Geobacter、Desulfobacca、Pseudomonas、Anaeromyxobacter和Desulfosporosinus）被检测到,并且铁还原菌的丰度在无藻区底泥中为5.65%,比在聚藻区底泥（3.25%~4.44%）中的高.总之,本研究结果说明蓝藻暴发会减弱湖泊底泥中的铁氨氧化反应.     

Simultaneous Feammox and anammox process facilitated by activated carbon as an electron shuttle for autotrophic biological nitrogen removal

• The autotrophic nitrogen removal combining Feammox and Anammox was achieved. • Activated carbon can be used as an electron shuttle to enhance Feammox activity. • Fe(III) was reduced to Fe(II) and the secondary Fe(II) mineral (FeOOH) was obtained. • The iron-reducing bacteria and Anammox consortium was enriched simultaneously. Ferric iron reduction coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Feammox) is a novel ferric-dependent autotrophic process for biological nitrogen removal (BNR) that has attracted increasing attention due to its low organic carbon requirement. However, extracellular electron transfer limits the nitrogen transformation rate. In this study, activated carbon (AC) was used as an electron shuttle and added into an integrated autotrophic BNR system consisting of Feammox and anammox processes. The nitrogen removal performance, nitrogen transformation pathways and microbial communities were investigated during 194 days of operation. During the stable operational period (days 126–194), the total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency reached 82.9%±6.8% with a nitrogen removal rate of 0.46±0.04 kg-TN/m³/d. The contributions of the Feammox, anammox and heterotrophic denitrification pathways to TN loss accounted for 7.5%, 89.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Batch experiments showed that AC was more effective in accelerating the Feammox rate than the anammox rate. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed the presence of ferric iron (Fe(III)) and ferrous iron (Fe(II)) in secondary minerals. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that secondary iron species were formed on the surface of iron-AC carrier (Fe/AC), and Fe(III) was primarily reduced by ammonium in the Feammox process. The phyla Anaerolineaceae (0.542%) and Candidatus Magasanikbacteria (0.147%) might contribute to the Feammox process, and Candidatus Jettenia (2.10%) and Candidatus Brocadia (1.18%) were the dominative anammox phyla in the bioreactor. Overall, the addition of AC provided an effective way to enhance the autotrophic BNR process by integrating Feammox and anammox.