菰和菖蒲在污水中的生长特性及其净化效果比较

通过漂浮栽植菰(Zizania latifolia)和菖蒲(Acoruscalamus),研究了它们在低、中、高3种浓度污水中的生长特性及其对这3种浓度污水的净化效果.结果表明,菰和菖蒲均在中浓度污水中生长最好.菰在中浓度污水中的生物量显著高于低浓度和高浓度中;菖蒲在中浓度污水中的生物量略高于低浓度和高浓度中,但差异不显著.菰对中浓度污水中TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为97.4%、95.3%、98.5%和71.4%,对高浓度污水中TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为96.4%、97.7%、88.2%和76.1%,净化效果均显著高于低浓度中.菰可作为中、高浓度污水的净化植物.菖蒲净化中浓度污水的效果最好,对TN、NH3-N、TP和CODCr的去除率分别为97.5%、94.1%、98.5%和72.7%;对高浓度污水中的NH3-N和CODCr去除效果也较好,去除率分别为97.8%和86.7%,但对TN和TP的去除率分别为89.5%和70.9%,显著低于对低浓度和中浓度污水中TN和TP的去除率.图1表4参13     

农田排灌水的稳定塘-植物床复合系统处理

采用稳定塘-植物床系统处理农田排灌水,植物床栽植茭草和芦苇.监测结果表明,雨季、旱季平均流量分别为417.1,206.8m3/d,无降雨期间渗漏、蒸发蒸腾损失的水量之和占进水的42.1%～60.5%.系统雨季进水COD、总氮(TN)、氨氮和总磷(TP)平均浓度分别为97.9,8.09,3.38,0.69mg/L,旱季分别为112,7.76,3.78,0.98mg/L.各项污染物平均去除率大于57%.芦苇和茭草的生长速度在5月最大.因植物收割去除的N和P量分别占进水的14.6%和27.1%.从2002年4月~2003年7月湿地截留SS量为297.5m³.     

Relationships between loading rates and nitrogen removal effectiveness in subsurface flow constructed wetlands

Nitrogen removal of wetlands under 40 different inflow loadings were studied in the field during 15 months. The removal efficiency of four different sets of beds, namely the reed bed, the Zizania caduciflor bed, the mixing planting bed, and the control bed were studied. The outflow loading and total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of these beds under different inflow loadings and pollution loadings were investigated. The inflow loadings of 4 subsurface flow systems (SFS) ranged from 400 to 8000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹, while outflow loadings were less than 7000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. The results showed that the inflow and outflow loading of TN removal rate in SFS presented an obvious linear relationship. The optical inflow loading to run the system was between 2000 to 4000 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. Average removal rate was between 1062 and 2007 mg·(m²·d)⁻¹. SFS with plant had a better removal rate than the control. TN removal rates of the reed and Zizania caduciflora bed were 63% and 27% higher than the control bed, respectively. The results regarding the TN absorption of plants indicated that the absorption amount was very limited, less than 5% of the total removal. It proved that plants clearly increase TN removal rates by improving the water flow, and increasing the biomass, as well as activities of microorganisms around the roots. The research provided a perspective for understanding the TN removal mechanism and design for SFS. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 253–256 [译自: 环境科学]     

表面活性剂对茭白生长影响及土壤残留分析

采用土培的试验方法,研究了在不同浓度阴离子表面活性剂——直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)处理后,单季茭"美人茭"的生长、茭白叶片中叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系统活性的变化情况,以及LAS在茭白叶片和土壤中的相对残留量.结果表明,10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度对茭白的生长状态没有显著影响;1000 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭株高和最大叶宽均分别低于对照25.5%(p0.05)和27.0%(p0.05),处理过程中叶绿素总含量大幅下降.10 mg.L-1、100 mg.L-1 LAS处理浓度下美人茭的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,1000 mg.L-1LAS处理浓度下美人茭的过氧化物酶(POD)活性受到严重的抑制.丙二醛(MDA)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,并随着LAS处理浓度的升高而升高.茭白叶片中LAS残留量先下降后上升,10 mg.L-1处理浓度下美人茭叶片中LAS含量低;10和100mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量基本在0.1～0.5 mg.L-1之间,1000 mg.L-1处理浓度下土壤中LAS含量持续上升,达到2.0～3.0mg.L-1,且LAS含量在第28d比第7d时高54.0%(p0.05).与单纯的土壤环境相比,茭白-土壤系统能够更有效地降低土壤中LAS含量.     

东太湖茭草植被改造实验研究

东太湖的茭草和浮叶植物有显著的加速湖泊淤积和二次污染效应。1993年开展了面积5ha的植被改造实验,当年剔除原有植物,培育成为沉水植被,平均生物量达3kg/m2。由茭草残体形成的腐殖层对沉水植物生长发育有不利影响,在实验区大部分面积上表层沉积物中TOC含量低于30％,沉水植物能正常生长;TOC含量超过30％时沉水植物生长较为缓慢。对东太湖46.6km2湖面上由茭草和浮叶植物组成的植被进行全面改造,可获得显著的环境生态效益,起到延缓湖泊衰亡和改善水质的作用。     

滇池优势挺水植物茭草和芦苇降解过程中DOM释放特征研究

利用室内分解模拟实验,研究了滇池外海优势挺水植物茭草和芦苇(成熟期)的叶在水环境中降解过程,分析了其释放于水体中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度和化学结构变化特征.结果表明,植物分解可造成上覆水pH值升高,茭草和芦苇分解过程中上覆水中DOM浓度的变化趋势基本一致.两种植物上覆水中水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性有机氮(DON)的浓度均在8h达到最大值,水溶性有机磷(DOP)的浓度在24 h达到最大值.同时,茭草和芦苇残体内DOM释放强度和速率的变化趋势也基本一致.两种植物DOC、DON和DOP的释放强度和速率都在8 h达到最大,且8 h的释放强度、释放速率、释放比例依次为DOC>DON>DOP.另外,茭草和芦苇分解过程中DOM结构变化分析表明上覆水紫外吸收光谱中SUVA254值先升高再降低,傅里叶红外光谱中—OH特征峰消失,三维荧光光谱中类腐殖酸单位有机碳荧光强度增强.     

Effects of Excess Copper on Growth of Wild Rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizania palustris</Emphasis>) Seedlings Tested in Reconstituted and Natural Waters

Dissolved copper was toxic to wild rice (Zizania palustris) seedlings when exposed in water from the seed collection site of Swamp Creek, Crandon, Wisconsin, USA, and in laboratory-prepared artificial or reconstituted water. Seeds for the study were harvested, then held through a portion of dormancy, in Swamp Creek. After 60 days they were shipped to a laboratory, chilled, and tested with copper after germination. The end point of the tests was net gain in wet weight of the seedlings; additionally, a pronounced reduction in root development was observed. Using measured concentrations, the lowest no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) in our study was 37 g/liter in Swamp Creek water and the lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC) was 59 g/liter. However, it appeared that there was a point at which concentrations of copper above 400 g/liter did not result in any measurable effect or exhibit a definitive dose–response. Because the results in Swamp Creek water were more relevant to the possibility of local metals additions and the association of reduced seedling growth by copper was more powerful in this water, we derived an equation to express the relationship between copper concentration and toxicity for Swamp Creek water. As an example, we would expect a 3.0% reduction in seedling growth at 5.0 g/liter copper. Seedling roots were particularly affected and the resultant plants may be less well anchored and more susceptible to dislodging than plants not exposed to copper. Further refinement of the methodology may be used to address effects of other contaminants impacting rice beds in North America. This study was conducted while the first author was employed by the U.S. Geological Survey, Mid-continent Ecological Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado     

洱海湖滨带茭草收割管理关键参数研究

为确定洱海湖滨带茭草收割管理的时间、频次及高度等关键参数,通过室外与现场模拟,研究了不同收割处理下的洱海湖滨带茭草再生率、株高等生长与生理指标.结果表明:8月和10月收割后茭草再生株的叶长和直径显著下降;10月份收割较8月份收割更不利茭草的再生长:其茭草再生长最大速率下降29.6%,再生株叶长和直径分别下降26.9%、25.9%.现场10月份对同一区域茭草进行重复收割,其恢复生长最大速率比单次8月收割下降37.1%;比单次10月份收割下降10.6%,故收割管理应以单次收割为宜.对浅水区(水深50cm)茭草沿水面收割更有利于其再生长(再生率为100%).     

洱海湖滨带不同基底高程下菰出苗及生长特征

为研究洱海不同类型湖滨带菰(Zizania caduciflora)的出苗及生长的特征,在2010年3月和6月(菰的主要出苗和生长季节)调查洱海湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带不同基底高程上菰生物量、密度、植株叶片数、植株高度等的变化,分析洱海水位变化的影响. 结果表明:随着湖滨带基底高程的降低,洱海湖滨带菰的密度、生物量、单株叶片数呈先增高后快速降低趋势,株高则呈增大后基本不变的趋势;从株密度及生物量看,随着3—6月洱海水位的降低,湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰生长的最适基底高程都随之下降,3月为1964.85m,6月为1964.55m,所对应的水深均为0.3m. 3月和6月湖湾型湖滨带能够出苗良好的基底高程比非湖湾型分别低了0.3和0.6m;随着水位的下降,湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗良好的范围向水下延伸,但在非湖湾型湖滨带,出苗良好的最低高程几乎不变. 湖湾型和非湖湾型湖滨带菰出苗和生长的差异显示出其影响因素不同,在湖湾型湖滨带,水深动态变化是主要影响因子,而在非湖湾型湖滨带,风浪作用和水深动态变化存在共同作用.      

潜流湿地中植物对脱氮除磷效果的影响中试研究

通过潜流湿地的中试,研究了芦苇和茭草在潜流湿地中的氮磷吸收量变化,植物收割对系统的影响以及植物对改善系统流态的作用.结果表明,依靠收割植物去除氮磷是不显著的,氮磷吸收量占去除量在5%左右.同时证明植物在进入冬季前开始出现释放氮磷现象,最佳收割期应该在9～10月份.植物对维持根系周围微生态环境起着重要的作用,收割会导致系统出水水质的波动.流态试验表明,植物根系能够改善系统的流态,植物床较空白床死区率减少5%～10%,增加系统的空间利用率,延长系统的水力停留时间.