等离子体发射光谱法同时测定磷灰石中的主要元素

使用JY TOP电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对磷灰石中的主量元素钙、磷、铁、铝、镁、钛、锰进行同时测定。各项检验指标均能满足分析要求。     

Potential environmental impact of dissolution of raw phosphate in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba

Dissolution of raw phosphate (apatite) in sea water of the Gulf of Aqaba was investigated through lab incubation experiments. Three types from three different sources (Al-Hasa, Al-Abyad and Esh-Shydiya) have been used for these experiments. Impact of quantity, grain size, and source (type) of raw phosphate on dissolution rate were studied. Statistical analysis shows significant differences between the results obtained from comparing each two weights; as weight of apatite increased, dissolved inorganic phosphate-phosphorus (DIP) and fluoride in sea water solution increased. The differences between the dissolution rates of raw phosphate from the three sites were not significant while the differences between the different grain size fractions were significant. Dissolution rates were inversely related to particle size. Using a worst-case scenario, a conservative estimate of the maximum increase in DIP in seawater of the Gulf of Aqaba due to the apatite particles lost to the sea during ship loading resulted in DIP concentrations of 0.03 μM per year. As the residence time of the water in the Gulf of Aqaba is about one year, the DIP concentration will not increase by more than 0.03 μM under the estimated annual quantity of exported phosphate. Fluoride will not increase by more than 0.03 mg/l under the same conditions.     

焚烧飞灰磷灰石药剂稳定化技术研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的全组分和浸出特性进行了分析,表明焚烧飞灰含有多种重金属,其中Pb、Zn和Cd等的浸出毒性分别达到11.8、164.9和31.2mg/L,远高于危险废物浸出毒性标准.实验选择新型无机稳定化药剂———磷灰石对焚烧飞灰的重金属稳定化效果进行研究,结果表明:在磷灰石投加量7%时,处理后焚烧飞灰的重金属浸出毒性(部分样品除镉外)均达到了危险废物填埋入场控制限值;焚烧飞灰的稳定化效果与磷灰石的粒径有关,当其粒径为200目时能够取得较好的稳定化效果;稳定化产物在养护时间1d后,其重金属浸出浓度不再改变;实验证明在pH 3～11范围内稳定化产物都具有较好的稳定化效果,减少了稳定化产物在环境条件下的二次污染的风险.     

红壤和磷灰石对沉积物重金属稳定化的影响

利用磷灰石、红壤及两者复配组合对污染沉积物中重金属进行稳定化处理,通过TCLP和改进的BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价。结果表明,在稳定化试验中,对Cu、Cd和Zn的稳定效果由大到小为红壤+磷灰石、磷灰石、红壤;其中,红壤+磷灰石对Pb的稳定效果与磷灰石单独添加相近,显著大于红壤。5%磷灰石+5%红壤添加3个月后,Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的稳定效率分别达到59.83%、29.43%、31.00%、96.06%。添加5%磷灰石时,Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的稳定效率分别为52.46%、24.67%、25.23%、96.06%。红壤的添加不同程度地促进了磷灰石对Cu、Cd和Zn的稳定效率。连续提取试验结果表明.磷灰石单独和复配添加均使Cu、Zn和Pb的生物可利用态和潜在生物可利用态占比降低,生物不可利用态占比增大。5%磷灰石+5%红壤处理中,Cu、Cd、Zn和Ph的生物可利用态和潜在生物可利用态的比例总和分别降低了19.31%、5.11%、20.11%和68.97%。相比磷灰石单独处理,复配处理进一步促进了Cd和Zn的酸溶态向残渣态转化。磷灰石和红壤+磷灰石复配处理能有效降低沉积物中重金属的危害。     

Effects of molecular weight and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose on morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as prepared with one-step wet chemical method

Nano-sized apatite particles (nAP) synthesized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have shown great application potentials in in situ heavy metal remediation. However, differences in CMC’s properties effects on the size of nAP produced are not well understood. In this paper, two types of CMC, with respective molecular weights (MW) of ～120000 and ～240000 Dalton or respective polymerization degrees of 500 (CMC-500) and 1050 (CMC-1050), were studied in a concentration range of 0.05%–0.5% (w/w) for nAP synthesis. Morphology of the particles was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that 0.05% CMC-500 solution gave an average particle size of 148.7±134.9 nm, 0.25% CMC-500 solution produced particles of 21.8±20.4 nm, and, 0.5% CMC-500 solution contained particles of 15.8±7.7 nm. In comparison, 0.05% CMC-1050 solution produced nanoparticles of 6.8±3.2 nm, 0.25% CMC-1050 produced smaller nAP of 4.3±3.2 nm, and 0.5% CMC-1050 synthesized the smallest nanoparticles in this study, with an average diameter of 3.0±2.1 nm. Chemical composition of the products was identified with X-ray diffraction (XRD) as pure hydroxyapatite. Interactions between nAP and CMC were discussed with help of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATRFTIR) spectroscopic data. This study showed that CMC at higher concentration as well as higher MW facilitated to produce finer nanoparticles, showing that nAP size could be manipulated by selecting appropriate CMC MW and/or applying appropriate CMC concentration.     

自硬性玻璃基生物水泥的结构研究

利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究了玻璃基生物水泥在生理模拟液中羟基磷灰石（HAP）晶相的形成和长大，应用溶解－析晶理论，阐述了玻璃粉末与调和液及表面活性剂反应，形成HAP的动力学观点，实验结果表明，玻璃基生物水泥在调和液作用下，会形成HAP晶相，在生理模拟液中，随着时间的延长，晶体逐渐长大，图3表1参5     

从化学加工工艺谈磷矿物的分类及其意义

作者认为磷矿物是以固溶体形式出现的一组含氟磷酸钙盐,多种矿物盐的组合常以其最为稳定的形式,即能量最低的状态存在。因此,作者对磷矿物的分类不是从矿物类型而是以能量方程式所具有的特征系数进行分类。根据矿物类型建立P_2O_5枸溶率、晶胞参数a_0轴的模拟方程。分类结果:自然界的磷矿物共分高氟磷灰石、富氟磷灰石、低碳氟磷灰石,氟磷灰石和低氟磷灰石五类。由于磷矿物中的氟含量直接影响了磷矿物的各种性质,而磷矿煅烧(包括脱氟磷肥生产)过程实质上是模拟磷矿在自然界的变质过程,使P_2O_5枸溶率和化学反应性下降。因而可根据本文分类对磷矿物的应用进行直接评价。     

三种添加剂对矿冶区多种重金属污染土壤的修复效果评估——大豆苗期盆栽实验

以湖南省水口山矿冶区周边的农田土壤为供试土壤,通过人工添加化学改良剂的植物盆栽实验,研究了添加不同量的赤泥(质量分数1%、2%、5%)、磷灰石(质量分数1%、2%、5%)、亚硒酸钠(0.1、1、5 mg·k-1,以硒计)对苗期大豆生长及其吸收重金属As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的影响.结果表明,添加5%赤泥明显提高了土壤...     

中昆仑山形成时代与隆升幅度——基于夷平面与磷灰石裂变径迹研究

青藏高原北缘蚕眉山地区为主夷平面残留区(属高原腹地),有关火山岩年龄揭示夷平面于13 Ma前已基本形成,并于3.7Ma前解体。在中昆仑山前山和后山分别获得(4.2±0.8)Ma和(3.9±0.6)Ma的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄。夷平面解体年代和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄指示一次明显的构造抬升,并与青藏运动A幕相对应。进一步的地貌-沉积分析表明,昆仑山北面山前盆地上新世—早更新世沉积的厚度巨大的西域组砾岩主要来源于昆仑山的剥蚀作用,证明昆仑山4 Ma左右开始即相对南面高原腹地大幅隆起。根据磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,推算昆仑山区已剥蚀掉的古夷平面(虚拟面)对应现代海拔高度约为8 200 m,而现代高原腹地夷平面残留实体海拔为5 200 m左右,据此计算出昆仑山4 Ma以来较高原腹地(蚕眉山地区)相对抬升了约3 000 m。     

用电厂粉煤灰试制枸溶性磷肥的研究

本文对用粉煤灰制肥料的可行性进行了研究,选用磷矿石、助熔剂,添加剂和粉煤灰以适当的比例混合后熔融,使混合物料中的非枸溶性成分转化成能被植物吸收的枸溶性成分。经上百次熔融实验,对物料的配比及工艺条件进行筛选,确定出最佳配料参数和工艺操作条件。所研制肥料的吃灰量可达40％,并具有复合肥的作用和较好的肥效。