生物模板法制备纳米羟基磷灰石去除水体中的三氯生

以棉花作为生物模板制备出具有棉花形貌的纳米羟基磷灰石(HAP),并将其运用于水体中三氯生的吸附去除研究。采用X射线粉末衍射仪、傅里叶红外、扫描电镜、透射电镜表征了吸附前后HAP的物相组成、官能团、形貌和颗粒尺寸变化。考察了初始pH、时间和温度对HAP吸附三氯生的影响。动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,颗粒内扩散不是唯一的限速步骤;平衡吸附数据符合Langmuir等温吸附模型;热力学参数吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)、焓变(ΔH0)、熵变(ΔS0)值揭示三氯生吸附至HAP上是一个自发吸热的过程。对比其他吸附剂,HAP具有高吸附量且环境友好的优势。     

前驱物结晶体升华成膜法制备TiO2薄膜及其光催化性研究

采用“前驱物结晶体升华成膜法”工艺，使含钛前驱物结晶体草酸氧钛酸以升华的方式，均匀地在玻璃表面形成前驱物薄膜；经过热处理，制备出外观平整透明的玻璃基TiO2薄膜，其薄膜厚度为80-100nm，粒度≤50nm。初步研究了制备条件、薄膜性能和本工艺制备的玻璃基TiO2纳米薄膜对甲基对硫磷的光催化降解性能。     

含水层中氯烯烃胶对水泥与地下水发生相互作用的缓冲作用研究

利用矿渣硅酸盐水泥和氯烃烃胶研究了在营造的地下水环境和含水层环境中，氯烯烃胶对水泥混凝土与地下水之间发生相互作用的缓冲作用。研究结果表明，在营造的地下水和含水层环境中，氯烯烃胶对水泥混凝土与地下水之间的相互作用有一定的缓冲作用，主要表面阻止柱块的碱性和各种元素的释放。从而减弱了水泥８９混凝土柱决的相互作用。     

绢云母负载N掺杂纳米二氧化钛的制备及性能研究

以绢云母为载体,采用水解-沉淀法制备出了绢云母负载纳米TiO2粉体(TiO2/M),以尿素为氮源,采用后掺杂法制得具有可见光响应的N掺杂TiO2/M.采用XRD,XPS,SEM,DUV等手段对样品进行了性能表征;并以日光色镝灯为光源,甲基橙为模拟污染物检测其光催化活性.研究了N的掺杂对粉体中TiO2晶相结构,粒度和光催化性能的影响.结果表明,绢云母与TiO2通过桥氧相连形成包覆层,N的掺杂抑制了TiO2晶粒的长大,减缓锐钛矿向金红石相的转变,同时N的掺杂形成Ti—O—N键,形成新的能级结构,使样品对光的吸收边红移至440—550 nm,具有明显的可见光响应,对甲基橙的光催化降解率与没有掺N的样品相比,最高可达1.6倍.     

模拟胃肠液用Tenax提取法测定多溴联苯醚的生物有效性

以室内灰尘和鱼样为介质,利用Tenax提取,采用动态方法模拟污染物在人体肠道中的消化吸收,研究多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的口服生物有效性.结果表明,在18 mL模拟胃肠液中,随着胃肠液中Tenax质量增加,Tenax吸附的PBDEs(BDE28、47、66、100、99、85、154、153、138、183和209)增加,当Tenax的质量达到200 mg后,增加Tenax的用量不会增加PBDEs在Tenax中的吸附总量.对于灰尘,3—7溴BDEs的生物有效性为50.8%,而添加Tenax后,随着Tenax质量的增大,其修正后的生物有效性从84.9%增大到101.1%;类似,对于鱼样,PBDEs修正后的生物有效性从43.7%升高到70.7%.这种修正后的生物有效性比未进行修正的结果更接近活体实验测得的PBDEs的生物利用度数据.因此,在18 mL模拟胃肠液中,采用200 mg的Tenax,用于模拟小肠对胃肠液中PBDEs的吸收,可以获得最差场景条件下PBDEs的生物有效性.     

应用体外胃肠模拟法研究土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性

采用体外胃肠模拟法,研究了土壤中多氯联苯的生物有效性.研究结果表明,PCBs在模拟胃液中的生物有效性为3.36%-12.48%,肠液中的生物有效性为34.62%-58.90%.胃肠液的pH值、消化时间及液固比均会影响其生物有效性:pH在中性时的生物有效性显著高于酸性条件下,消化时间的延长和液固比的增加均会使生物有效性增...     

硫酸铝废渣和石灰外掺低标号水泥水化、硬化性能研究

采用扫描电镜、X射-线物相分析,对改性砂浆样水化机理进行了分析,在此基础上,对外掺硫酸铝废渣水泥胶砂进行了多项物理性能测试.实验结果表明:硫酸铝废渣在低标号水泥中掺量大于14%出现急凝.最佳掺量为6%—10%时,硫酸铝渣水泥胶砂龄期强度均增加,早期强度增大最为明显.铝渣水泥胶砂龄期水化状况良好,水化产物(AFt,AFm,CH)较基准胶砂数量多且发育良好.铝渣低标号水泥胶砂综合实验表明,其耐久、耐候性能优良.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定家用搅拌机中21种邻苯二甲酸酯迁移量

本文基于固相萃取-气相色谱串联质谱,建立了家用搅拌机中21种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)迁移量的测定方法.基于搅拌机在运行过程中与食品接触特性,参照相关迁移实验标准,采用0.8 L 10%乙醇水溶液和4%乙酸水溶液两种模拟液在搅拌机正常工作下迁移30 min,以Oasis-HLB玻璃固相萃取柱对迁移溶液中待测物进行萃取浓缩,气相色谱-串联质谱检测,外标法定量.方法对于不同物质的定量限(LOQ)在0.05—0.8μg·L~(-1)之间,具有较高的灵敏度.在10%乙醇和4%乙酸两种模拟液中,低、中、高3个添加水平的平均回收率分别在78.5%—115.3%和78.8%—116.8%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在3.6%—12.5%和3.9%—11.2%之间.邻苯二甲酸酯在9款搅拌机实际样品中具有不同程度检出,迁移量0.08—2.26μg·L~(-1).该方法准确、灵敏,适用于家用搅拌机中邻苯二甲酸酯的迁移量检测.     

5种不同晶型的纳米二氧化钛对金属铜生物积累的影响

纳米二氧化钛(nTiO_2)作为一种具有独特物理化学性质的纳米材料被广泛应用。然而,在生产、使用的过程中,nTiO_2会不可避免地进入于水环境中。重金属是水体中常见的污染物之一,nTiO_2进入水体后是否会与水体中的重金属发生相互作用,进而影响重金属的生物积累,目前相关报道还很少。本论文以大型溞为模式生物,考察了5种不同晶型nTiO_2对常见的重金属铜生物积累影响。结果表明,nTiO_2对Cu2+的吸附降低了试验液中Cu2+浓度。但5种不同晶型nTiO_2的吸附能力并不一样,其中锐钛矿晶型(A-S)的吸附能力最高,这可能是由于结构缺陷和表面羟基的存在,为Cu2+提供了更多的结合位点,从而提高了A-S的吸附能力。nTiO_2的存在降低了金属铜在大型溞体内的积累,这可能是由于nTiO_2对金属铜的吸附,降低了自由Cu2+的生物可利用性。由于nTiO_2样品之间比表面积的差异,不同晶型之间单位nTiO_2引起的铜积累有显著性差异性(P0.05),其中锐钛矿和金红石之比为4:1混合晶型(M1)最高,A-S最低。     

生物基阻燃剂的合成及应用研究进展

高分子材料被广泛地应用在社会生活的各个方面，但其易燃性往往容易引发火灾，造成巨大的生命财产损失.利用阻燃剂改性是提升高分子材料防火阻燃性能的有效方法之一，其中生物基阻燃剂由于具有原料易得及绿色环保等特性，成为近年来阻燃剂研究领域的前沿热点之一.本文首先介绍了近年来几种主流的生物基阻燃剂的合成方法，随后介绍了其他应用较少的生物基阻燃剂以及全生物基阻燃剂的发展情况，并对生物基阻燃剂的应用及其面临的问题展开讨论.最后，展望了生物基阻燃剂未来的发展趋势.     

疏水缔合型有机高分子聚合物对水体中多环芳烃的富集性能

以芘分子为分子荧光探针测定了疏水缔合有机高分子聚合物HAP对多环芳烃类化合物的富集性能.实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对芘具有良好的胶束增溶和富集作用,且随着聚合物浓度增大、疏水嵌段结构分布均匀适度,富集能力逐渐增强.絮凝实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对多环芳烃的富集性能可作为有效的辅助手段,实现对水体中微量有机污染物的去除.     

MoO3/TiO2催化剂对NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究

通过共混法制备MoO3／TiO2催化剂,还原脱除NOx的研究．对于100目的催化剂,并在固定床反应器中进行了NH3选择性催化在较低温度下(≤583K),升高温度和降低空速,NOx脱除率提高;在反应温度较高时,NH3氧化的副反应的影响加强,此时过度延长反应时间和提高反应温度反而会使NOx脱除率降低．在583K和空速为12kh“时,NOx转化率可达92％．FT-IR光谱和XRD分析结果表明,MoO3形成分散相,均匀分布在TiO2颗粒表面并形成稳定的Mo=0基,它的加入没有影响TiO2(锐态矿型)的结构和形貌．     

Effects of oxidizing environment on digestate humification and identification of substances governing the dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation process

• Liquid digestate humification was investigated under different oxidizing environment. • Tryptophan-like substances dominated the transformation of the liquid digestate DOM. • The humification sequence of the liquid digestate DOM was identified. • UV₃₂₅ was first identified as a pre-humus intermediate during humification reaction. The formation of humic-like acids (HLAs) is an essential process for converting liquid digestate into organic soil amendments to enhance agricultural sustainability. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of oxygen and/or MnO₂ on the production of HLAs. Herein, abiotic humification performance of the digestate dissolved organic matter (DOM) is investigated with fluxes of air and N₂ in the absence and presence of MnO₂. Our results demonstrated that the fate of digestate DOM greatly depends on the oxidizing environment, the MnO₂ enhanced nitrogen involved in the formation of HLAs. The synergistic effects of MnO₂ and oxygen effectively improved the production of HLAs, and the corresponding component evolution was analyzed using spectroscopic evidence. The two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy results demonstrated that the reaction sequence of digestate DOM followed the order of protein-like substances, substances with an absorbance at 325 nm, substances with UV absorbance at 254 nm and HLAs. Additionally, excitation emission matrix fluorescence combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) showed that tryptophan-like C3 was more prone to transformation than tyrosine-like C2 and was responsible for the humification process. The substance with an absorbance at 325 nm was a reaction intermediate in the transformation process of protein-like substances to HLAs. The above findings can be used to promote the production of liquid fertilizer associated with carbon sequestration as well as the sustainable development of biogas production.     

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO₂. The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO₂ and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO₂ are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min)^-1 and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol^-1, respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO₂ serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.     

Reduction of wastewater toxicity and change of microbial community in a hydrolysis acidification reactor pre-treating trimethylolpropane wastewater

Trimethylolpropane (TMP) wastewater is one of the most toxic petrochemical wastewater. Toxicants with high concentrations in TMP wastewater often inhibit the activity of microorganisms associated with biological treatment processes. The hydrolysis acidification process (HAP) is widely used to pretreat petrochemical wastewater. However, the effects of HAP on the reduction of wastewater toxicity and the relevant underlying mechanisms have rarely been reported. In this study, an HAP reactor was operated for 240 days, fed with actual TMP wastewater diluted by tap water in varying ratios. The toxicity of TMP wastewater was assessed with the inhibition ratio of oxygen uptake rate. When the organic loading rates were lower than 7.5 kg COD/m³/d, the toxicity of TMP wastewater was completely eliminated. When the actual TMP wastewater was directly fed into the reactor, the toxicity of TMP wastewater decreased from 100% to 34.9%. According to the results of gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis, four main toxicants contained in TMP wastewater, namely, formaldehyde, 2-ethylacrolein, TMP and 2-ethylhexanol, were all significantly removed, with removal efficiencies of 93.42%, 95.42%, 72.85% and 98.94%, respectively. Compared with the removal efficiency of CODCr, the reduction rate of toxicity is markedly higher by HAP. In addition, the change of microbial community in the HAP reactor, along the operation period, was studied. The results revealed that, compared with the seed sludge, Firmicutes became the dominant phylum (abundance increased from 0.51% to 57.08%), followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (abundance increased from 59.75% to 25.99% and from 4.70% to 8.39%, respectively).

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Fate of the veterinary medicine ivermectin in soil

We investigated the fate of the drug ivermectin in the soil. We found that ivermectin was transformed solely by photos, leading to the formation of two ivermectin isomers. We indeed failed to detect any biotransformation reaction of the chemical either in the soil or in fungal liquid cultures. According to its limited water solubility, the bioavailability of ivermectin was very low in the soil solution. Here, we show that ivermectin, transferred to the soil from faeces of drug-treated cattle, could be stored for long periods in the soil.     

Porous silica synthesis out of coal fly ash with no residue generation and complete silicon separation

● Both amorphous and crystalline silicon are completely separated from coal fly ash. ● Porous silica is synthesized out of coal fly ash. ● No residues is produced during the whole synthesis process. ● The one-step method to synthesize silica don’t need long-time reaction and aging. Ordered mesoporous silica materials exhibit enormous potential in industrial production. Since coal fly ash (CFA) is abundant in Si, it has become a green and promising way to utilize CFA by synthesizing porous silica materials. However, the stable crystalline structure of CFA limits the extraction of Si, and the residue is generated during the process of extracting Si. In this work, we proposed a no-residue method to synthesize ordered mesoporous silica out of CFA. Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) was used to reconstruct the crystals of the CFA, and the calcined mixture then directly reacted with the precipitators. This method combined the process of Si extraction and porous material synthesis. In this method, no residue was generated and the silicon in both amorphous and crystalline phases of CFA was fully utilized. By this method, the extraction efficiency of Si was increased from 31.75% to nearly 100%. The as-synthesized mesoporous silica had a highly-ordered pore structure with a space group of la-3d, a surface area of 663.87 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.41 cm³/g, and an average pore diameter of 2.73 nm. The mechanism of crystalline transformation and material structure formation were systematically studied. This method provides a new idea to dispose of CFA and synthesize porous silica materials.     

烟炱气溶胶的光学辐射特性研究

烟炱气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,它能直接或间接地影响地-气辐射平衡,进而对全球气候产生重大影响.目前,关于烟炱气溶胶光学性质的研究已经成为气溶胶科学中的前沿和热点课题,对其进行系统的实验室研究可以为更好地分析和认识外场观测结果提供基础,并为数值模式模拟研究提供准确的基本参数.本文简要介绍了烟炱气溶胶的来源和分类,...     

Reaction of ortho-methoxybenzoic acid with the water disinfecting agents ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite

Ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as disinfecting agents for drinking water production. The reaction pathways of ozonation and chlorination of o-methoxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that less than 1% of o-methoxybenzoic acid remains in reaction. The final major products using ozone oxidation are oxalic and glyoxalic acids. Phenols appear only at insufficient ozone levels. Sodium hypochlorite leads to higher levels of primary products. Molecular chlorine leads to the formation of higher amounts of polychlorinated derivatives. Model experiments allow to propose schemes of o-methoxybenzoic acid transformation under the conditions simulating water treatment processes.     

Unexpected release of HNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and related species from UV-illuminated TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> surface into air in photocatalytic oxidation of NO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

We have discovered that HNO₃ and related species are released from the TiO₂ surface into air in the TiO₂ photocatalytic oxidation of NO₂ (1 ppm) under continuous UV light illumination (1 mW cm⁻²) by dehumidifying the outlet gas of the reaction and analyzing the recovered condensate liquid by ion chromatography. The origin of the HNO₃ recovered in the dehumidifier could not be explained by a simple desorption of HNO₃ overproduced on the TiO₂ surface. The produced HNO₃ must be activated on the TiO₂ surface and causing the unidentified reaction.