基于多行业DSGE模型的中国碳减排政策效应

碳达峰和碳中和目标的提出,标志着中国低碳减排进入新的阶段,从国家层面的宏观政策包括各个行业的行业政策都在推行各种低碳减排政策,从行业异质性视角动态分析碳减排政策的效应具有重要的学术和实践意义。为此,构建一个包含环境外部性和碳减排政策的多行业动态随机一般均衡模型,研究许可证交易和碳税两种政策情景下,行业技术冲击、税收政策和减排政策调整冲击对宏观经济、环境和行业排放的动态效应。模拟发现:许可证交易政策情景下,行业技术冲击具有明显的结构性效应,覆盖行业企业减排率上升,排放下降,而未覆盖行业排放随产出上升而上升,而在碳税政策情景下,这种差异并不明显。政府采用盯住总排放波动的碳减排政策能够有效地减少冲击带来的福利损失,提高对维持排放水平的关注程度能够减少相应的福利损失。建议政府有效地权衡经济增长和改善环境二者之间的关系,在不造成大的负面经济影响的前提下,加大减排政策力度,推广和扩大碳交易试点范围,尽快在全国建立统一的碳市场。制定碳减排政策时,考虑碳减排政策收入的返还机制,配以减税的财政政策以刺激经济,缓和减排政策的负面影响。政府应根据排放水平顺周期地动态调整碳减排政策的强度,适当提高对维持排放水平的关注程度。     

碳交易背景下天津市电力行业碳排放强度与基准线

电力行业是我国碳排放权交易体系中的重要参与行业,开展区域电力行业碳排放强度分析与基准线设置研究,不仅有利于区域因地制宜地开展行业碳减排工作,同时对全国统一碳市场的建立尤其是电力行业配额分配方案的确定具有重要参考价值.基于天津市2014年15家主要发电企业的32台发电机组数据,在核算分析天津市电力行业碳排放强度的基础上,设置实际排放情景、现行标准先进值情景及综合减排情景等3组基准线情景,并展开对天津市电力行业碳减排的适用性分析.研究表明:①在数据和统计基础较好、产品单一的行业采用基准法进行配额分配,有利于碳市场资源的公平、合理配置,可有效促进区域电力行业低碳发展;②2014年天津市电力行业碳排放强度为822.9 g/（kW·h）,燃煤发电与燃气发电碳排放强度分别为824.4与502.0 g/（kW·h）;③发电碳排放强度可反应出单台机组的能耗和管理水平,燃煤发电方式下,采用压力参数高、机组容量大的机组发电更有利于降低区域碳强度;④综合减排情景既考虑了本地区电力行业碳排放水平,同时参考了其他省市基准线设定,对部分类型机组数量较少、代表性不足的地区适用性更强,该情景对地区电力行业低碳水平要求最为严格,虽然为企业减排带来一定压力,但更有利于区域行业减排,且对于排放强度较高的较小容量机组能够起到更强的激励作用.      

Optimizing a two-echelon serial supply chain with different carbon policies

In recent years, organizations are becoming environment conscious due to stringent laws, competitive advantages and increasing awareness of customers. They are integrating environmental practices into their operations to curb carbon emissions. Regulatory bodies are also imposing carbon policies to check emission. In this paper, we developed three models considering three carbon policies (I. carbon tax, II. strict cap and III. cap-and-trade) and have determined the optimal order quantity and number of shipments for a two-echelon supply chain. The objective is to minimize the total supply chain cost which comprises the ordering, setup, production, inventory holding and transportation costs. In Model I tax on carbon emissions has been included in the cost function; in Model II we have considered a strict carbon cap on the total carbon emission; and in Model III trading price of carbon is included in the cost function. A numerical study is given to illustrate the solution procedure. Further, sensitivity analyses are performed to examine the impact of the various parameters on the total cost and total emission.     

Regulatory conflict in the Chicago VOC control program

The study analyzes the performance of an innovative cap-and-trade program designed to make cost-effective reductions of an ozone precursor in Chicago and finds that decentralized market incentives were undermined by the continuance of centralized traditional emission point or command-and-control regulation. The study makes two contributions for urban areas considering this regulatory measure: it shows that using two regulatory measures to achieve one emissions reduction goal can undercut cost-effective emissions trading, and it provides a redesign of the market system that coordinates both regulatory measures for cost-effective control and avoidance of trading problems, such as hot spots and inter-temporal spikes.