连续流双室微生物燃料电池处理工业废水

以实际中药废水作为阳极基质、实际含镉废水作为阴极电解液,构建了连续流双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了其产电性能及对两种废水的处理效果。78 d的运行数据表明:系统可实现最大输出电压417mV、最大体积功率密度11.8 W/m3,最大体积功率密度运行条件下的库伦效率为18.5%;在阳极进水有机物浓度变化较大的情况下,实现了阳极对中药废水中有机物的有效去除,平均COD去除率为81.5%;阴极对含镉废水中Cd2+的去除率为79.4%～84.8%。这表明MFC同步处理中药废水及重金属废水具有一定的可行性。     

SMBBR-AF-SMBBR组合工艺处理高氨氮农药废水

采用特异性移动床生物膜反应器(SMBBR)和厌氧生物滤池(AF)组合工艺处理高氨氮农药废水。考察了HRT、pH和DO等工艺条件对SMBBR-AF-SMBBR组合工艺运行稳定期COD和氨氮去除率的影响。试验结果表明,在进水COD为2 408~7 440 mg/L、ρ(NH_4~+-N)为160.21~433.84 mg/L、TN为208.27~537.65 mg/L、HRT为8d、pH为8.0、DO为4 mg/L的条件下,处理后出水平均COD为342 mg/L,COD去除率达92.3%;ρ(NH_4~+-N)小于4.0mg/L,氨氮平均去除率为89.2%;TN小于50 mg/L,平均TN去除达83.0%。出水各指标均优于原A2O工艺出水。     

异戊醇低压热解的同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱研究

作为新兴生物燃料,大分子醇类燃料在低压下的火灾安全基础迫切需要得到深入研究。热解过程作为火灾过程的初始阶段直接控制着火过程,火灾中碳烟颗粒的产生也依赖于热解反应,因此可燃物的低压热解研究在其低压火灾基础研究中具有重要意义。利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱方法研究了异戊醇在0.2atm下的流动反应器热解,探测到了20余种热解产物,包括烯丙基自由基和C_4H_8O、C_5H_8、C_6H_6等同分异构体,并测量了其摩尔分数。基于实验结果,对燃料分解路径和主要产物的生成及消耗路径进行了探讨。与本组之前正戊醇热解实验的对比表明,由于存在支链结构,异戊醇在热解中比正戊醇更容易产生戊烯、丁烯和丙烯,但更少地产生乙烯。此外,异戊醇在热解中能够生成更多的丙炔和丙二烯等环状化合物前驱体,令其苯和1,3-环戊二烯的生成量更高,表明异戊醇比正戊醇更易于生成多环芳烃和碳烟。     

煤制乙二醇废水预处理装置的工业化调试

针对煤制乙二醇废水含高浓度硝酸盐氮的特点,设计了缺氧膨胀床(AEB)反应器预处理装置,并进行了工业化启动和调试运行,考察了其在反硝化连续流运行条件下的处理效果及工艺参数变化。结果表明,AEB反应器启动后,填料层生物膜挂膜快速且生长稳定。反应器在工业化调试阶段运行稳定,COD和TN的去除率和去除负荷较为稳定。在受到来水冲击后,AEB反应器处理效果稳定,出水可在短期内恢复正常。该技术的系统操控参数范围较广,易于工业化操控运行,在煤制乙二醇废水和其他含高浓度硝酸盐氮废水的处理中具有较大的推广价值。     

Modeling of a sequencing batch reactor treating municipal wastewater using multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function artificial neural networks

A sequencing batch reactor was modeled using multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function artificial neural networks (MLPANN and RBFANN). Then, the effects of influent concentration (IC), filling time (FT), reaction time (RT), aeration intensity (AI), SRT and MLVSS concentration were examined on the effluent concentrations of TSS, TP, COD and NH₄⁺-N. The results showed that the optimal removal efficiencies would be obtained at FT of 1 h, RT of 6 h, aeration intensity of 0.88 m³/min and SRT of 30 days. In addition, COD and TSS removal efficiencies decreased and TP and NH₄⁺-N removal efficiencies did not change significantly with increases of influent concentration. The TSS, TP, COD and NH₄⁺-N removal efficiencies were 86%, 79%, 94% and 93%, respectively. The training procedures of all contaminants were highly collaborated for both RBFANN and MLPANN models. The results of training and testing data sets showed an almost perfect match between the experimental and the simulated effluent of TSS, TP, COD and NH₄⁺-N. The results indicated that with low experimental values of input data to train ANNs the MLPANN models compared to RBFANN models are more precise due to their higher coefficient of determination (R²) and lower root mean squared errors (RMSE) values.     

亲水性多孔载体在流化床中的生物膜形成过程分析

采用实验制备的一种新型亲水性多孔聚合物作为流化床反应器中生物膜附着生长的载体,实现流态化水力条件下的生物挂膜过程.在3个结构尺寸相同的流化床反应器中考察了接种污泥浓度、进水有机负荷及载体粒径对亲水性多孔载体生物挂膜量的影响,试验结果表明,接种污泥浓度为30 g VSS/L、进水TOC值为350 mg/L、载体粒径为5～8 mm时载体表面的附着生物量最大,反应器运行12 d的载体附着生物量达到4.45 g VSS/L,膜结构稳定,表现出较活性污泥法更高的活性.在进水TOC、氨氮浓度分别为350 ms/L、50 mg/L,HRT为6 h的情况下,两者的去除率分别达到了97.1%和64.3%,表明载体上的生物膜对污水中TOC及氨氮的去除表现出高效率.挂膜后载体表面上的微生物以丝状菌为主,孔壁上的微生物以球菌和杆菌为主要生物相,证明载体内外表面皆适宜微生物的生长,并且形成合理的生物相分布.     

Relationships between anaerobic consortia and removal efficiencies in an UASB reactor degrading 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP)

To gain more insight into the interactions between anaerobic bacteria and reactor performances (chemical oxygen demand-COD, 2,4 dichlorophenol-2,4 DCP removals, volatile fatty acid-VFA, and methane gas productions) and how they depended on operational conditions the microbial variations in the anaerobic granular sludge from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating 2,4 DCP was studied. The study was composed of two parts. In the first part, the numbers of methanogens and acedogens in the anaerobic granular sludge were counted at different COD removal efficiencies. The relationships between the numbers of methanogens, the methane gas production and VFA production were investigated. The COD removal efficiencies increased to 74% from 30% while the number of total acedogens decreased to 10 from 30 cfu ml(-1). The number of total methanogens and acedogens varied between 11 x 10(3) and 10 x 10(9)MPN g(-1) and 10 and 30 cfu ml(-1) as the 2,4 DCP removal efficiencies were obtained between 60% and 99%, respectively. It was seen that, as the number of total acedogens decreased, the COD removal efficiencies increased. However, the number of total methanogens increased as the COD removal efficiencies increased. Correlations between the bacterial number and with the removal efficiencies obtained in different operational conditions were investigated. From the results presented in this paper a high correlation between the number of bacteria, COD removals, methane gas percentage, 2,4 DCP removals and VFA was observed. In the second part, methanogen bacteria in the anaerobic granular sludge were identified. Microbial observations and biochemical tests were applied to identify the anaerobic microorganisms from the anaerobic granular sludge. In the reactor treating 2,4 DCP, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanogenium bourgense and Methanospirillum hungatei were identified.     

Fe0/厌氧微生物联合体系处理2,4,6-三氯酚影响因素的研究

利用Fe⁰/厌氧微生物联合体系对2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)进行降解研究。结果表明，Fe0/厌氧微生物联合体系可以有效降解2,4,6-TCP，Fe⁰与厌氧微生物之间存在明显的协同效应。Fe⁰/厌氧微生物联合体系处理2,4,6-TCP的最优条件为：微生物接种量0.434 g VSS/L，Fe⁰投加量15 g/L，体系初始pH值7.0～8.0。     

微生物絮凝剂PF-2的成分分析及絮凝机制研究

筛选得到的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)产生的絮凝剂——PF-2在处理高岭土悬浊液时,具有用量少、絮凝效果好等优点,对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率可达96.5%.呈色反应和紫外扫描的测定结果表明,PF-2大部分为胞外分泌的多糖,含有少量的核酸,提取后每升发酵液可制得絮凝剂粗品2.3 g;ζ电位测定及氢键和离子键检验结果表明,PF-2与高岭土颗粒之间的作用力为离子键;红外光谱扫描分析PF-2中含有O-H、C-H、C＝C和C-O-C等多糖的特征吸收峰;利用扫描电镜观察絮体形态表明,絮体结构密实,其絮凝机制为PF-2和高岭土以离子键的形式结合,之后通过架桥作用絮凝沉淀.     

全程自养颗粒污泥快速启动及混合营养型脱氮性能分析

在连续流条件下,基于颗粒污泥全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺的快速启动和混合营养条件下高效脱氮,是CANON工程应用的重要环节.本研究在气提内循环反应器（AIR）中,以老化的CANON颗粒污泥经机械破碎至0.3 mm作为种泥,实现混合营养型单级颗粒污泥同步脱氮除碳.启动26 d,通过控制DO,系统出现稳定的部分硝化,再缩短HRT提升氨氮负荷至5.65 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1,促进颗粒化和厌氧氨氧化;第68 d,总氮去除率达到58%之后,进水加入有机物,C/N从0提升到0.25和0.5,促进AOB、AMX和异养微生物的协同,氨氮去除率达95%,总氮去除率达85%,COD去除率达80%左右.COD浓度增加,能较好地抑制Nitrospira菌属等NOB的活性,q（NH₄⁺-N）和q（TN）稳定在0.4 g ·（g ·h）^-1和0.34 g ·（g ·h）^-1,q（NO₃^--N）约为0.02 g ·（g ·h）^-1.采用MiSeq高通量测序对微生物多样性分析,表明有机物对污泥中Nitrosomomas和Candidutus_Kuenenia丰度未产生显著影响,增加了Candidutus_Brocadia菌属以及具有反硝化功能Denitratisoma等菌属的丰度.这对于快速启动连续流CANON颗粒污泥工艺处理低C/N比废水提供思路.