紫色土旱坡地油菜/玉米轮作下氮流失的年际变化特征

明确三峡库区紫色土旱坡地氮流失的年际变化特征,为库区的施肥管理措施和面源污染治理提供参考.依托中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站,于2018～2020年连续3 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、优化施肥(OF)、化肥减量配施生物炭(BF)和化肥减量配施秸秆覆盖(SF)5种处理,研究紫色土旱坡地在油菜-玉米轮作模式下氮流失的年际变化特征.结果表明：(1)三峡库区紫色土旱坡地地表径流主要发生在5月和8月,壤中流主要发生在6～10月. 2018～2020年降雨量逐年增加,各处理地表径流产流量逐年减少,壤中流产流量大致呈逐年增加的趋势,年尺度下,壤中流产流量和产流次数均高于地表径流.(2)2018～2020年每年各形态氮的最高流失浓度出现时间大概一致,地表径流全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在5、 8～10和7月,壤中流各形态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在10、 10和5～7月.(3)地表径流各形态氮流失通量呈逐年降低趋势,壤中流各形态氮流失通量大致逐年增加.(4)生物炭和秸秆还田第一年降低氮流失通量的效果较好,但后续两年还田反而加剧了氮素流失通量.因此,三峡库区紫色土旱坡...     

现阶段城市物流绿色化发展趋势的动因与对策研究

城市物流形成绿色化发展趋势的主要动因在于汽车运输业的迅速发展及其给城市环境与人们生活质量所造成的巨大影响上.二战以后,汽车运输业的迅速发展和在给社会提供迅速、便捷与准确服务的同时,也给城市的环境造成了严重的负面影响;尤其是由于城市路网和货物运输中心等基础设施既落后且缺乏科学的规划,无形中更加剧了城市物流与城市环境保护之间的矛盾.为实现城市物流的绿色化发展,实践中就有必要合理规划城市物流系统、通过多式联运以尽量降低卡车运输量的比例、积极应用信息技术以推进和实现物流管理的智能化、发展第三方物流实现共同配送.     

三峡库区消落带农用坡地氮素流失特征及其环境效应

三峡库区消落带坡地的自发农用较为常见,消落带的这种利用方式可能加剧养分流失并对库区水环境造成影响.通过对库区2011～2013年3个落干期消落带农用坡地的地表径流、壤中流中氮素形态与浓度进行定位监测,研究消落带农用坡地氮素流失特征及其环境效应.结果表明:常规施肥下,消落带农用坡地侵蚀模数为1 443 kg/(hm2·a),落干期内坡地平均径流量为230 mm,径流系数为0.58,其中壤中流流量占总径流量的77％.历次降雨产流事件中常规施肥处理时,地表径流、壤中流中TN平均浓度分别是4.85±0.85、20.73±2.05 mg/L,落干期地表径流(泥沙)和壤中流的TN流失量分别为6.63± 1.19、35.22±3.38 kg/hm2,分别占当季施肥量的2.2％、11.7％.可见,随壤中流流失是三峡库区消落带农用坡地氮素流失的主要途径.与常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥处理使地表径流(泥沙)、壤中流TN流失通量分别显著降低了25％、48％,表明减少氮肥用量可以显著降低消落带农用带来的环境风险,建议消落带农用地氮肥进行减量施肥,使其既不影响作物产量,也显著降低氮流失.     

侵蚀程度差异诱发的坡面产流-产沙-总磷流失特征

为了研究不同侵蚀程度下土壤坡面产流产沙及携磷流失特征,以浙江省湖州市安吉县风化花岗岩母质上发育的坡地土壤为研究对象,选择侵蚀强度不同的出露土层(分别为砂土层(A组)和红土层(B组))两组土壤进行人工模拟降雨试验.结果表明:坡地磷素流失主要以侵蚀泥沙为主,径流携磷流失中以地表径流携带流失为主,壤中流磷素流失量较小;由于土壤机械组成、容重的差异,B组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量远小于A组土壤壤中流流量及其携磷流失量;雨强对坡面径流中磷素流失浓度的影响明显,坡面径流和壤中流磷素流失浓度相差极大;两组土壤坡面径流量受雨强的影响基本一致,均为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1),不同的是红土层土壤坡面径流产流量较大且变幅小;随雨强增加两组土壤壤中流变化特征差异明显,红土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为90 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1) 30 mm·h~(-1)150 mm·h~(-1),砂土层土壤在不同雨强下的壤中流流量排序为150 mm·h~(-1)120 mm·h~(-1) 90 mm·h~(-1) 60 mm·h~(-1)30 mm·h~(-1);侵蚀泥沙富集较小颗粒(粉粒、粘粒)和磷素,其磷含量均高于试验用土磷含量;雨强越大,土壤细颗粒含量越高,侵蚀泥沙产量越大.     

化肥减量对紫色土坡耕地磷素流失的影响

采用人工径流小区对紫色土坡耕地降雨产流、磷素流失浓度进行定点观测,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、化肥减量配施秸秆(T3) 4种不同处理对紫色土坡耕地磷素在地表径流、壤中流中流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是紫色土坡耕地的主要产流方式,占比高达70%以上,其中磷素主要通过泥沙、地表径流2个途径流失.化肥减量配施秸秆处理的全磷流失通量为0.412kg/(hm²·a),相比其他施肥处理下降了29.37%~62.62%;正磷酸盐流失通量表现为优化施肥>常规施肥>化肥减量配施秸秆>不施肥,其地表径流流失通量占比达到55.35%~84.65%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理下地表径流中颗粒态磷流失通量最低,为0.032kg/(hm²·a),相比于常规施肥和优化施肥处理,显著下降了70.92%和60.28%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理不仅对地表径流中的磷素流失具有很好的消减效应,对壤中流中的磷素流失同样具有很好的消减效应,配施秸秆处理下壤中流全磷平均流失通量最小,为0.031kg/(hm²·a).因此,化肥减量配施秸秆对于控制三峡库区紫色土坡耕地磷素流失,降低库区农田土壤污染和水体富营养化风险具有可行性.     

SEASONAL WATER TABLE DYNAMICS OF A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FLOODPLAIN AND ASSOCIATED FEN1

ABSTRACT: Appalachian mountain alluvial wetlands include floodplain forests interspersed with fens or bogs. This study evaluates the water table dynamics of an Appalachian mountain flood‐plain which includes a depressional fen. Water table wells and piezometers documented seasonal patterns of the water table and the vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) in the floodplain and fen areas. Additional water table wells determined the potential sources of water from adjacent hillslopes to the fen area. The water table of the floodplain and the fen exhibited distinct regular seasonal fluctuations. The water table remained near the surface of the fen from late winter through late spring and dropped 20 to 80 cm during the summer between precipitation events. The water table of the floodplain fluctuated more but followed similar patterns and was typically within 40 cm of the surface during late winter and early spring months and greater than 60 cm during the summer months. The water table of the floodplain was more often correlated to precipitation than the water table of the fen. The VHG in the floodplain was highly variable although seasonal patterns of upwelling of water in fall and downwelling in winter were common. The VHG of the fen showed a consistent downwelling of water and suggested that the fen serves as a recharge area for an aquifer. Principal sources of water for the fen appeared to be precipitation, inflow from a shallow aquifer on an adjacent slope plus increased interflow associated with precipitation events from another adjacent slope. The influence of soil texture on water dynamics of the fen or floodplain was not fully ascertained but it appeared to influence horizontal flow from hillslopes and the depth of the water table in the fen.     

RUNOFF EVENT IMPACTS ON A WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR: SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOADING, TURBID PLUME BEHAVIOR, AND SEDIMENT DEPOSITION1

Abstract: The impacts of runoff events on external suspended solids loading to Schoharie Reservoir, New York, and patterns of light scattering and sediment deposition in this reservoir are assessed. The assessment is based on monitoring of suspended solids concentrations in the reservoir's primary tributary, detailed vertical profiles of optical backscattering (a surrogate measure of light scattering) in the reservoir water column, and analysis of sediment trap collections, over a seven-month interval of high runoff. These impacts are reported to be tightly temporally coupled and strongly positively related to the magnitude of runoff events. The primary tributary entered the reservoir as a plunging inflow during runoff events, causing conspicuous subsurface peaks in light scattering, with vertical patterns that varied strongly for different events. Deposition quantified by near-bottom trap deployments is reported to be more representative than results from metalimnetic deployments that were generally within, rather than below, the turbid layers. Direct inputs of sediment, transported by density currents, are found to drive deposition, rather than resuspension/redeposition. More than 50 percent of the reported deposition occurred in less than 15 percent of the study period, associated with the four largest runoff events.     

不同施肥条件下紫色土旱坡地可溶性有机碳流失特征

明确紫色土旱坡地可溶性有机碳在不同施肥条件下的流失特征,得出最佳的养分管理方式,对提升三峡库区的耕地质量、维持土壤碳平衡和减轻土壤碳流失造成的环境污染具有重要意义.在中国科学院三峡库区水土保持与环境研究试验站内设置标准化径流小区,研究紫色土旱坡地在不同施肥处理［不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（常规）、优化施肥（优化）、85%优化施肥配施生物炭（生物炭）和85%优化施肥配施秸秆（秸秆）］条件下的产流产沙情况和土壤有机碳的流失特征.结果表明：①壤中流径流量占径流总量（径流包括地表径流和壤中流）的52.84%~92.23%,壤中流可溶性有机碳（DOC）流失通量占DOC总流失通量的43.64%~87.35%,壤中流是雨季径流的主要方式和土壤DOC流失的主要途径.②秸秆处理的地表径流量、产沙量、地表径流DOC流失通量和泥沙有机碳流失通量较优化处理分别降低了30.39%、39.41%、28.71%和23.97%,壤中流径流量和壤中流DOC流失通量较优化处理略有升高.生物炭处理的产流产沙量、地表径流DOC流失通量、壤中流DOC流失通量和泥沙有机碳流失通量均显著高于优化处理.③ DOC流失通量占土壤有机碳总流失通量的99.31%~99.94%,DOC是紫色土旱坡地土壤有机碳流失的主要形式,各处理的DOC流失通量呈现：生物炭 > 优化 > 秸秆 > 常规 > CK.④生物炭和秸秆处理的SOC含量较优化处理分别提高了95.79%和32.16%.85%优化施肥配施秸秆能显著减少紫色土旱坡地的地表径流量、泥沙流失量和土壤有机碳流失通量,同时提高土壤有机碳含量,是紫色土旱坡地的最佳养分管理方式.     

辽宁浑河流域不同土地类型地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征

采用人工模拟降雨的试验方法,研究了辽宁浑河流域主要土地利用类型的土壤在地表径流和壤中流中所产生的氮、磷流失特征。结果表明,（1）地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失特征差异显著,地表径流氮、磷输出浓度均表现为降雨初期较高而后逐渐趋于稳定的特征;壤中流氮、磷输出浓度在整个径流过程中保持相对稳定。（2）在整个降雨径流过程中,耕地与草地氮、磷流失均以地表径流为主,随壤中流流失的氮、磷占输出量的比例较小。（3）耕地与草地中地表径流和壤中流氮、磷流失差异表明,土壤的水分下渗滤减机制对氮、磷流失具有很大的削减作用,草地中对总磷的削减作用尤为显著,可达90%以上。     

自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素随径流垂向分层输出特征

为研究自然降雨条件下红壤坡地磷素径流输出特征,采用野外大型土壤水分渗漏装置对活地被物覆盖、死地被物敷盖和裸露对照这3种处理的地表径流、壤中流和地下径流的磷素输出开展了为期一年的试验观测.结果表明:(1)3种处理下径流总磷和可溶性磷浓度变化趋势总体表现为地表径流略高于壤中流,并随着土层深度的增加有降低趋势;总磷累积输出量大小排序为裸露(1.61 kg·hm~(-2))敷盖(1.33 kg·hm~(-2))覆盖(0.82 kg·hm~(-2));(2)裸露对照坡地磷素输出以地表径流为主要途径,占总磷径流输出总量的57%,壤中流和地下径流输出量分别占6%和37%;有覆盖和敷盖措施的坡地磷素输出以地下径流为主,占总磷径流输出总量的71%以上,而地表径流输出量则不足14%;(3)各处理中地表径流、壤中流和地下径流磷素输出均以颗粒态为主,占磷输出总量的64%~97%.地下径流是红壤坡地磷素流失不可忽视的重要通道,覆盖和敷盖措施可控制磷素径流流失总量,但未能显著降低磷素径流流失浓度.