生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响

明确生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响,为提升紫色土旱坡地耕地质量及减少紫色土旱坡地农业面源污染发生风险提供科学依据.以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间试验,研究了不施肥(对照)、常规施肥、优化施肥及生物炭(化肥减量配施生物炭)这4个处理对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流氮素流失形态及通量的影响.结果表明:①在各施肥处理中,常规处理总径流量最大,为16 133 L·a~(-1),生物炭处理总径流量最小,为11 893 L·a~(-1).各施肥处理以壤中流为主要径流方式,壤中流流失量占总流失量的61.80%～68.60%;与对照(不施肥处理)相比,其余各施肥处理泥沙流失量均有所降低,其中常规处理降低的效果最明显.②铵态氮主要通过地表径流流失,占总流失通量的86.51%～96.58%;铵态氮流失通量最大的为施生物炭处理[0.69 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].③各施肥处理产流中的颗粒态氮浓度均高于对照处理,且常规施肥处理的颗粒态氮流失通量最大,为2.87 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).④各施肥处理的壤中流和地表径流中的全氮浓度和硝态氮浓度均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).硝态氮是全氮流失的主要形态,且二者均以壤中流为主要流失途径;全氮通过壤中流流失占比为72.86%～89.13%,且常规施肥处理的全氮总流失通量最大,为35.58 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),而施生物炭处理全氮总流失通量最小,为21.49 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).化肥减量配施生物炭能明显降低径流量和氮的流失通量,可有效阻控农业面源污染发生的风险.     

紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应

紫色土旱坡地被认为是三峡库区泥沙和面源污染的主要来源地,加强对紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流中氮流失特征的研究,对防控三峡库区的面源污染有重要的现实意义.依托中科院成都山地所忠县石宝寨试验站的紫色土旱坡地定位径流小区,设置不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（T₁）、优化施肥（T₂）和减肥配施秸秆（T₃）这4种不同的处理,通过监测在油菜-玉米轮作制度下紫色土旱坡地壤中流和地表径流的流失通量、各次径流不同氮形态的流失浓度和流失通量,研究紫色土旱坡地氮流失通量对减肥配施秸秆的响应.结果表明,壤中流径流量占总径流量的比例达到60.14%~88.56%,壤中流氮流失通量占全氮流失通量的72.88%~92.35%.铵态氮主要通过地表径流的方式流失,硝态氮主要通过壤中流的方式流失且是氮流失的主要形态.不同处理的铵态氮和硝态氮流失通量均呈现出T₁ > T₂ > T₃ > CK,T₃处理的氮流失通量为20.07 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,较T₁和T₂分别下降了43.59%和39.55%.减肥配施秸秆显著降低了紫色土旱坡地铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮的流失通量,对紫色土旱坡地雨季径流中氮流失有显著的消减效应.     

紫色土旱坡地油菜/玉米轮作下氮流失的年际变化特征

明确三峡库区紫色土旱坡地氮流失的年际变化特征,为库区的施肥管理措施和面源污染治理提供参考.依托中国科学院成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站,于2018～2020年连续3 a设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、优化施肥(OF)、化肥减量配施生物炭(BF)和化肥减量配施秸秆覆盖(SF)5种处理,研究紫色土旱坡地在油菜-玉米轮作模式下氮流失的年际变化特征.结果表明：(1)三峡库区紫色土旱坡地地表径流主要发生在5月和8月,壤中流主要发生在6～10月. 2018～2020年降雨量逐年增加,各处理地表径流产流量逐年减少,壤中流产流量大致呈逐年增加的趋势,年尺度下,壤中流产流量和产流次数均高于地表径流.(2)2018～2020年每年各形态氮的最高流失浓度出现时间大概一致,地表径流全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在5、 8～10和7月,壤中流各形态氮最高流失浓度分别出现在10、 10和5～7月.(3)地表径流各形态氮流失通量呈逐年降低趋势,壤中流各形态氮流失通量大致逐年增加.(4)生物炭和秸秆还田第一年降低氮流失通量的效果较好,但后续两年还田反而加剧了氮素流失通量.因此,三峡库区紫色土旱坡...     

减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应

采用野外径流小区对紫色土旱坡地2014年雨季(5~8月)3次典型降雨产流进行定点监测,研究了优化施肥(P)、优化施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)、优化施肥+秸秆还田(SP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)、优化施肥量氮磷钾均减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)、不施磷肥(P0)等不同方案对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流磷素流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是雨季径流主要输出途径,而次降雨地表径流总磷(TP)平均含量和流失负荷都远高于壤中流;地表径流磷素流失是紫色土旱坡地雨季磷素流失主要方式.发现减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地坡面径流中磷素流失有显著消减效应,SDP、MDP分别比优化施肥P的总磷含量降低57%和48%,配施秸秆效果好于配施猪粪有机肥.次降雨磷素平均流失负荷为0.01~0.26kg·hm~(-2),磷素平均流失负荷表现为PMPSPMDPSDPP0.减磷配施猪粪和秸秆有机肥对土壤磷素地表径流损失具有显著消减效应,但增加壤中流磷素淋失风险.     

化肥减量配施生物炭对紫色土坡耕地磷流失的影响

磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,但过量磷的投入是造成水体富营养化问题的重要原因.探究实际生产中施肥方式与磷素流失之间的关系,为科学施肥和合理减施化肥提供理论依据.本试验采用野外径流小区对紫色土坡耕地2017～2018年度多次降雨产流产沙进行定点监测,研究了不施肥处理、常规施肥处理、优化施肥处理和减量施肥配施生物炭4种不同方案对紫色土坡耕地壤中流、地表径流和泥沙磷素流失的影响.结果表明:①各处理的产流总量表现为:优化(20 737.23 L)常规(18 513.17 L)CK(18 134.58 L)生物炭(13 594.85 L),各处理的产沙总量表现为:CK(1998kg·hm~(-2))生物炭(1 884 kg·hm~(-2))优化(1 681kg·hm~(-2))常规(910kg·hm~(-2)).壤中流是紫色土坡耕地雨季产流的主要类型,占到总产流量的60.14%～87.34%,各处理的产沙总量除常规外,其他处理不存在显著性差异(P0.05).②各处理的全磷流失通量均表现为泥沙地表径流壤中流.通过壤中流流失的磷素最少,只占全磷流失通量的2.63%～12.91%,而泥沙磷素流失通量占比可达63.74%～78.74%,是紫色土坡耕地土壤磷素流失的主要输出途经.③配施生物炭可以有效减少紫色土坡耕地土壤的壤中流产流量,以及壤中流的正磷酸盐的流失通量,较常规处理分别减少49.94%和56.45%.但是对地表径流的截留效果不佳,对颗粒态磷的流失通量无明显影响,同时增加了地表径流与泥沙中的全磷流失通量,较常规处理显著增加73.28%和123.53%(P0.05).因此,为控制西南地区紫色土坡耕地磷的流失,应着重减少土壤泥沙流失的发生.而生物碳在农业生产实际应用中也应进一步优化与化肥磷素投入配比.     

化肥减量对紫色土坡耕地磷素流失的影响

采用人工径流小区对紫色土坡耕地降雨产流、磷素流失浓度进行定点观测,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、化肥减量配施秸秆(T3) 4种不同处理对紫色土坡耕地磷素在地表径流、壤中流中流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是紫色土坡耕地的主要产流方式,占比高达70%以上,其中磷素主要通过泥沙、地表径流2个途径流失.化肥减量配施秸秆处理的全磷流失通量为0.412kg/(hm²·a),相比其他施肥处理下降了29.37%~62.62%;正磷酸盐流失通量表现为优化施肥>常规施肥>化肥减量配施秸秆>不施肥,其地表径流流失通量占比达到55.35%~84.65%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理下地表径流中颗粒态磷流失通量最低,为0.032kg/(hm²·a),相比于常规施肥和优化施肥处理,显著下降了70.92%和60.28%;化肥减量配施秸秆处理不仅对地表径流中的磷素流失具有很好的消减效应,对壤中流中的磷素流失同样具有很好的消减效应,配施秸秆处理下壤中流全磷平均流失通量最小,为0.031kg/(hm²·a).因此,化肥减量配施秸秆对于控制三峡库区紫色土坡耕地磷素流失,降低库区农田土壤污染和水体富营养化风险具有可行性.     

化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆增加了坡耕地壤中流磷流失风险

紫色土坡耕地是中国西南地区的重要农耕用地,也是三峡库区农业非点源污染的主要来源地之一,采取合理的措施控制其土壤养分流失对该区域非点源污染治理具有重要意义.以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,通过3 a(2018～2020年)大田试验,设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、优化施肥(OF)、生物炭+优化施肥减量15%(BF)和秸秆+优化施肥减量15%(SF)这5个处理,对自然降雨条件下坡耕地地表径流(0～20 cm)和壤中流(20～60 cm)磷流失规律进行监测与评估.结果表明,施肥减少了紫色土坡耕地产沙量和地表径流流失通量,但增加了壤中流流失通量.地表径流正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)、全磷(TP)和颗粒态磷(PP)总流失通量以BF处理最高,SF处理最低.各施肥处理壤中流磷流失通量均高于CK处理,且PO^3-₄-P和TP流失通量以BF处理最高(213.88 g·hm^-2和694.54 g·hm^-2),其次为OF和SF处理.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,地表径流流失通量和生物...     

紫色土旱坡地不同坡位土壤有机碳组分含量对施肥管理的响应

紫色土旱坡地作为三峡地区的主要耕地类型,其土壤肥力直接决定着作物产量.为探究不同施肥处理对紫色土旱坡地不同坡位土壤有机碳组分含量的影响,在中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所三峡库区试验站开展田间试验,设置5个处理：不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（T₁）、优化施肥（T₂）、85%优化施肥配施生物炭（T₃）和85%优化施肥配施秸秆（T₄）,研究不同施肥处理下土壤团聚体组成及不同坡位土壤总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳含量间的差异.结果表明：①施肥均能增加土壤大团聚体含量,提高土壤有机碳含量,以T₃和T₄处理尤为显著.② CK、T₁和T₂处理的土壤有机碳含量均表现为：下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,而T₃和T₄处理土壤有机碳均是在中坡位含量最大.③随着坡位的降低,CK、T₁、T₂和T₃处理土壤可溶性有机碳含量呈增加趋势,CK、T₁、T₂和T₄处理土壤微生物量碳呈增加趋势,而T₃处理土壤微生物量碳在坡面上的分布为中坡位最高,下坡位其次.总体上,生物炭和秸秆处理均能显著提高土壤碳含量,且能延缓土壤碳素在坡面迁移,对改善三峡库区紫色土旱坡地土壤质量和减少水环境污染具有指导意义.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体与有机碳的影响

明确生物炭和秸秆还田对未利用的新垦紫色土旱坡地土壤团聚体和有机碳的影响,为三峡库区土壤改良提供科学依据.采用田间试验方法,分析不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（NPK）、优化施肥（GNPK）、化肥减量配施秸秆（RSD）和化肥减量配施生物炭（BC）处理对不同粒径土壤团聚体含量及其有机碳贡献率的影响.结果表明,施肥可提高土壤养分含量水平,尤以RSD和BC处理最为显著;各处理以<0.25 mm粒级团聚体为优势粒级,施肥能显著增加5~0.5 mm粒级团聚体含量,提高平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和R_0.25（>0.25 mm团聚体含量）值,降低分形维数（D）和土壤结构体破坏率（PAD_0.25）值（P<0.05）;施肥能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其中BC （6.73 g ·kg^-1）和RSD （5.45 g ·kg^-1）效果显著优于NPK （5.05 g ·kg^-1）和GNPK （3.63 g ·kg^-1）;<0.25 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最高（34.92%~59.49%）,>5 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率最低（1.55%~6.01%）,BC处理显著提高了5~2 mm和2~1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率（P<0.05）,而NPK、RSD和GNPK在0.5~0.25 mm贡献率提升最为显著（P<0.05）;各施肥处理均能提高油菜和玉米产量,年际间差异较大,但处理间差异不显著;土壤团聚体稳定性和作物产量随土壤有机碳的增加呈上升趋势.生物炭和秸秆还田能促进土壤中,大、中团聚体形成,有效提高土壤团聚体稳定性,增加土壤有机碳含量,促进作物增产,是改良紫色土土壤结构、提升土壤质量的有效措施.     

紫色土地区水文特征对硝态氮流失的影响研究

采用人工降雨模拟的方法,研究水文传输途径对紫色土中NO3--N流失的影响.研究结果表明,在所有雨强中均观察到壤中流的存在.在小雨强长历时的降雨中壤中流的径流量大于大雨强短历时降雨;随着雨强的增大,壤中流的径流系数下降.在紫色土地区,氮素的流失途径不仅包括地表径流而且包括壤中流,并且壤中流是NO3--N的主要水文传输途径.无论是否受到施肥措施的影响,壤中流中NO2--N浓度均高于地表径流.在对照小区,壤中流中NO3--N平均浓度是地表径流的7倍以上;施肥后壤中流NO3--N平均浓度为26.07mg·L-1,是地表径流的20倍以上.在对照小区,壤中流NO3--N的流失量占流失总量的30%以上;在施肥小区,壤中流NO3--N流失量占总流失量的90%以上.在紫色土地区,土壤特征和降雨特征决定了该地区壤中流形式的普遍存在,而NO3--N以壤中流流失的特点与当地施肥习惯的耦合效应增大了该地区的NO3--N流失风险.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.